Increased risk of monoclonal gammopathy in first-degree relatives of patients with multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (original) (raw)
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JAMA Oncology, 2015
IMPORTANCE Multiple myeloma (MM) is consistently preceded by the precursor state, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). The average annual risk of progression from MGUS to multiple myeloma is 0.5% to 1.0%. Current guidelines suggest lifelong clinical follow-up of individuals diagnosed as having MGUS depending on risk stratification. The impact of diagnosing and conducting clinical follow-up of MGUS on MM survival is unclear. OBJECTIVE To estimate the impact of prior knowledge of MGUS diagnosis and comorbidities on MM survival. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted a population-based study including all patients with MM (MM patients) diagnosed in Sweden (n = 14 798) from 1976 to 2005 (with follow-up until 2007); 394 (2.7%) had previously been diagnosed as having MGUS. Information on comorbidities was gathered for all patients. We calculated survival rates from the time of MM diagnosis, comparing patients with vs those without prior knowledge of MGUS. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for risk factors for death. χ 2 Tests were used to evaluate differences in comorbidities. EXPOSURES Prior knowledge of MGUS among MM patients. In a subanalysis, monoclonal (M)-protein concentration and type were used as exposure. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Risk of death and comorbidities. RESULTS Patients with MM with prior knowledge of MGUS had significantly (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77-0.96; P < .01) better overall survival (median survival, 2.8 years) than MM patients without prior knowledge of MGUS (median survival, 2.1 years), although MM patients with (vs without) prior knowledge of MGUS had more comorbidities (P < .001). Among MM patients with prior knowledge of MGUS, low M-protein concentration (<0.5 g/dL) at MGUS diagnosis was associated with poorer MM survival (HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.13-3.04; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Patients with MM with prior knowledge of MGUS had better MM survival, suggesting that earlier treatment of MM leads to better survival. The observation that a low M-protein concentration at MGUS diagnosis was associated with poorer MM survival may reflect less frequent clinical follow-up. Our observations stress the importance of clinical follow-up in patients with MGUS, regardless of risk stratification.
Risk factors for monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a systematic review
Annals of Hematology, 2021
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), precursor of multiple myeloma, is an asymptomatic plasma cell disorder that overproduces serum monoclonal protein. Older age, male sex, black race, and family history of MGUS increase the risk of MGUS, yet other risk factors are known. We systematically reviewed observational epidemiological studies that examined sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral risk factors for the development of MGUS. The protocol for this study was registered on the PROSPERO registry for systematic reviews. We identified epidemiological studies from PubMed and Scopus. Articles were limited to those written in English and published before February 2019. Five case-control and three cohort studies were eligible for data extraction. Studies evaluating factors associated with MGUS risk are limited, with conflicting conclusions regarding risk associated with obesity. Despite the limited research, a significant elevated risk for being diagnosed with MGUS was associated with several specific prior infections, inflammatory disorders, and smoking. The sparse existing literature suggests an increased risk of MGUS associated with several risk factors related to immune function. Further research is needed to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the development of MGUS and to confirm risk factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable.
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)—Not So Asymptomatic after All
Cancers
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) is considered to be a benign precursor condition that may progress to a lymphoproliferative disease or multiple myeloma. Most patients do not progress to an overt condition, but nevertheless, MGUS is associated with a shortened life expectancy and, in a minority of cases, a number of co-morbid conditions that include an increased fracture risk, renal impairment, peripheral neuropathy, secondary immunodeficiency, and cardiovascular disease. This review aims to consolidate current evidence for the significance of these co-morbidities before considering how best to approach these symptoms and signs, which are often encountered in primary care or within a number of specialties in secondary care.
Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance Among Men in Ghana
Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2007
To assess the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) in a large Japanese population. From October 1, 1988, to March 31, 2004, a total of 52,802 (of 71,675) Japanese survivors of the atomic bomb explosion in Nagasaki City, Japan, were screened for M protein. The youngest participant was 42.3 years as of October 1, 1988. A 2-step screening was performed with a serum protein electrophoresis followed by immunoelectrophoresis and a quantitative determination of serum concentration of immunoglobulins. Twenty-one patients who were diagnosed for the first time at the time of screening as having multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinemia were excluded from analyses. Age- and sex-specific prevalence rates of MGUS were calculated. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance was identified in 1088 of the 52,781 study participants. The overall prevalence of MGUS was 2.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9%-2.2%) in the total population screened and 2.4% (95% CI, 2.0%-2.6%) in those 50 years or older. The prevalence was significantly higher in men than in women (2.8% vs 1.6%; age-adjusted odds ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.8-2.3; P less than .001). In both sexes, the prevalence rose with increasing age from 1.0% in participants aged 42 to 49 years, 1.9% in those 50 to 59 years, 2.6% in those 60 to 69 years, and 3.0% in those 70 to 79 years, to 4.4% in those 80 years and older. The heavy chain isotypes of immunoglobulin were IgG in 73.6% of patients, IgA in 17.7%, IgM in 7.5%, and oligoclonal gammopathies in 1.1%. The prevalence of MGUS is lower in this Japanese population than that reported in Western countries among people older than 60 years, especially among women.