Effect of ad libitum tree leaves feeding with varying levels of concentrate on intake, microbial protein yield and growth of lambs (original) (raw)
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Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2007
Ten Polwarth×Texel lambs (21 ± 3 kg live weight), housed in metabolic cages and fed ad libitum a low-quality grass hay (Cynodon sp.) were used in a replicated 5×5 Latin Square experiment to evaluate effects of supplement type on forage and total intake, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, digestibility and N retention. Supplements were a non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) source (i.e., cassava meal), NFC plus a degradable true protein N (TPN) source (i.e., calcium caseinate), NFC plus a non-protein N (NPN) source (i.e., urea:ammonia sulphate, 9:1), NPN alone or no supplement (control). Hay and fibre intake, as well as fibre digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis and N retention were lowest (P<0.05) in lambs supplemented with NFC alone. Total organic matter (OM), digestible energy intake, rumen microbial protein synthesis and N retention improved (P<0.05) with supplementation with NFC plus either TPN or NPN. Rumen pH, as well as rumen concentrations Abbreviations: ADFom, acid detergent fibre (exclusive of ash); ADIN, acid detergent insoluble N; CHO, total carbohydrate; CM, hay plus cassava meal; CMCA, hay plus cassava meal plus calcium caseinate; CMU, hay plus cassava meal plus urea; CP, crude protein; DE, digestible energy; DM, dry matter; EE, ether extract; H, hay alone; lignin(sa), lignin determined by the sulphuric acid method; LW, live weight; OM, organic matter; NFC, non-fibre carbohydrate; aNDFom, neutral detergent fibre (with a heat stable amylase and exclusive of ash); NDIN, neutral detergent insoluble N; NPN, non-protein N; RDP, rumen-degradable protein; OMTD, OMtrue digestibility; TPN, true protein N; U, hay plus area * Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 55 3220 8355; fax: +55 55 3220 8355.
Small Ruminant Research, 2002
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of non-conventional feed resources was carried out in the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Debre Zeit Station, Ethiopia, using sheep. Ten non-conventional feed types commonly used by urban and periurban livestock farmers were obtained from the farming system and evaluated in vitro following standard procedures. Following in vitro studies, five non-conventional feed types were selected for in vivo studies based on the in vitro result, availability, and wide use by farmers. Thirty indigenous rams weighing 22:6 AE 0:97 ðmean AE SDÞ kg initially were stratified into weight groups and assigned randomly to treatments. Treatments included Tela atella (traditional brewery residue), Katicala atella (traditional liquor residue), lentil (Lens culinaris) hull, rough pea (Lathyrus sativa) hull, and field peas (Pisum sativum) hull based on the basal diet of native grass hay (control). In vitro study indicated that Tela and K. atella had higher organic matter (97-98%), crude protein (CP) (21%), and gross energy (GE) (21-22 MJ/kg DM) and lower fiber fractions (neutral detergent fiber, NDF ¼ 41À60%; acid detergent fiber, ADF ¼ 11À21%). Pulse hulls (lentil, rough pea and field pea hulls) had medium to high CP (8-16%), lower GE (17-19.5 MJ/kg DM), and higher fiber fractions (NDF ¼ 49À71%; ADF ¼ 49À62%). Among the pulse hulls considered, lentil hull had the highest CP (16%), and lowest NDF (49.4%) and ADF (48.6%). Poultry litter and orange peel had the highest CP (30%) and GE (28 MJ/kg DM), respectively. Results of the in vivo study indicated that both atella and pulse hulls improved total dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, energy and NDF intakes. The improvement was higher for atella compared to pulse hull groups. Basal diet intake was reduced when pulse hulls were fed. T. atella, K. atella and lentil hull had higher nitrogen and energy digestibility compared to pulse hulls and the control. Supplementation improved nitrogen retention, with T. atella, K. atella and lentil hull. Therefore, given the increasing competition with monogastric animals and increasing price of conventional by-products coupled with the deteriorating quality of tropical forages, T. atella, K. atella, and lentil hull have potentials to be used as a protein and energy (except lentil hull) supplements on low quality based diet under small holder livestock production systems. Further research is warranted to lower the concentration of tannins and fiber in pulse hulls and improve the feeding system to enhance the utilization of atella. #
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding dry rumen content (DRC) at different levels on nutrient intake, digestibility and growth performance of Awassi lambs. Twelve Awassi lambs (22.27±0.25 kg body weight and 4 months old) were randomly allotted into four diets for 65 days. The DRC was included in the diets at 0 % (DRC0), 10% (DRC10), 20% (DRC20), 30% (DRC30) to replace parts of the barley grain and soybean meal in the concentrate diet. On the day 60 of the experimental period, all lambs were fitted with fecal collection bags to evaluate the nutrient digestibility. Intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and Metabolizable energy (ME) were not affected (P>0.05) in lambs fed DRC10 and DRC20 diets compared to those fed DRC0 (control) diet but decreased (P<0.05) in lambs fed DRC30 diet. Intake of CP (g/day) was higher (P<0.05) in lambs fed DRC10 and DRC20 diet than those fed DRC30 diet, but not significant difference (P>0.05) than those fed control one (DRC0) while, intake of CP (g/kg W0.75) did not differ (P>0.05) among diets. Intakes of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were highest (P<0.01) for lambs fed the DRC30 diet followed by the DRC20 and DRC10 than those fed DRC0. No significant different in DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibility. Total gain and average daily gain (ADG) in lambs fed DRC10 and DRC 20 diets were not significant (P>0.05) different as compared with lambs fed DRC0 (control) diet but they were decreased (P<0.05) when lambs fed DRC30 diet. Lambs fedDRC10 diet was higher(P<0.05) in feed efficiency than those fed DRC30, but no significant (P>0.05) difference than those fed DRC0 and DRC20 diets. It could be concluded that feeding Awassi lambs diets containing DRC up to 10% improved growth performance without any adverse effect on nutrient digestibility or animal health.
Animals, 2020
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing cereals and protein concentrates in a high-cereal concentrate (control) for light lambs with corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 18%), dried citrus pulp (DCP; 18%), and exhausted olive cake (EOC; 8%) in a byproduct (BYP) concentrate on growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and plasma metabolites. Two homogeneous groups of Lacaune lambs (13.8 kg ± 0.25 kg) were fed one of each concentrates and barley straw ad libitum until reaching about 26 kg body weight. There were no differences between groups on feed intake, average daily gain, or feed conversion ratio, but the control diet had greater (p < 0.001) dry matter digestibility. Diet had no effect on post-mortem ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations and profile, but NH3-N concentrations were lower (p = 0.003) for the BYP-fed group compared with the control one. However, plasma concentrations of amino acids, total p...
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005
Our objective was to determine whether experience early in life and adaptation time (up to 72 days) to tannin-rich diets affect feed intake, digestion, nitrogen balance, and growth in Barbarine lambs given tannin-containing (Acacia cyanophylla Lindl., acacia) or tannin-free (oaten hay) diets later in life. Twelve experienced lambs (live-weight, LW: 13.2 ± 2.0 kg) were divided into two equal groups. Each group received air-dried acacia (tannin-containing diet) or oaten hay (hay, tannin freediet) ad libitum. Twelve other inexperienced lambs (LW 12.3 ± 2.5 kg) were also divided into two equal groups. Each group received one of the above two diets. All animals were 4 months old at the start of this experiment and were supplemented with 300 g concentrate. To investigate the carry-Abbreviations: CP, crude protein; CT, extractable condensed tannins; DM, dry matter; DOMI, digestible organic matter intake; DCPI, digestible crude protein intake; LW, live weight; N, nitrogen; NDFom, neutral detergent fibre exclusive of residual ash; OM, organic matter; TP, total extractable phenols; TT, total extractable tannins; W 0.75 , metabolic weight ଝ for a further 24 days before starting a 6-day faecal collection period. Irrespective to early experience and adaptation time, the nutritive value of hay-diet was higher than that of acacia-diet and consequently lambs given hay performed better than those receiving acacia (P = 0.0001). Animals exposed to tannins early in life exhibited higher digestible crude protein intake (P = 0.0389), retained more N (P = 0.0963) and excreted more allantoin in urine (P = 0.0248) than the inexperienced lambs. Except plasma urea (P = 0.2923), the adaptation period to experimental diets affected significantly all measured parameters (P = 0.0001). Animals adapted to diets for only 6 days exhibited the lowest acacia or hay intake and the highest diet digestibility compared to those adapted to these diets for 24, 48 or 72 days. Weight losses of inexperienced lambs adapted to acacia-diet for 6 days were associated with negative nitrogen balance. Sheep which received the acacia-diet, followed by the hay diet, had similar hay intake, diet digestibility, N balance and growth rate as compared to those offered the hay diet since the commencement of this experiment. It is concluded that the decreased performance of lambs when fed acacia leaves is due to its high lignin and tannin concentrations. The performance of inexperienced lambs were similar (P > 0.05) to the experienced lambs when adapted to diets for at least 24 days. Acacia tannins had no carry-over effect.
2024
A 90-day feeding trial with 25 yearling Horro lambs (22.6 ± 1.8 kg) was conducted from November 2022 to January 2023. The trial was designed to see how supplementing forage varieties of Cajanus cajan (Degagsa and Belabas) and Lablab purpureus (Beresa-55 and Gebis-17) affected the growth performance, feed intake and digestibility of Horro lambs fed a basal diet of fodder oat hay compared to conventional protein supplements. Five experimental sheep per treatment were arranged in a Randomized Complete Blocked Design to receive dietary treatments formulated on an iso-nitrogenous basis which was targeted to provide crude protein (CP) of 64.37 g/ h/day. Data were taken on weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed intake and refusal, and in-vivo digestibility features. All lambs were fed ad-libitum fodder oat hay containing 91.5 % Dry matter, 7.8 % ash, 6.4 % crude protein, 60 % neutral detergent fiber, 42.8 % acid detergent fiber, 13.4 % acid detergent lignin and 65 % in-vitro organic matter digestibility. The dietary treatments were fodder oat hay plus 280.8 g Gebis-17 variety (T1), 274.4 g Beresa-55 variety (T2), 320.9 g Belabas variety (T3), 329.3 g Degagsa variety (T4) and 300 g concentrate mixture (T5). The total dry matter intake (DMI) was higher in T3 and T4 than in the other treatment groups. Except for CP, nutritional consumption differed significantly across treatments. T3 and T4 had higher fiber intakes than the other treatments, while T2 had higher ash intakes and T5 had higher metabolizable energy intakes. Even though there was no significant variation in final body weight, lambs in T5 and T1 showed the greatest weight change and average daily gain. Although the diet in T5 induced the lamb performance in a manner comparable to that of the other dietary supplements, its inaccessibility and high cost would limit the use of such supplements by smallholder farmers. Thus, depending on their availability, either Lablab purpurues or Cajanus cajan varieties could be employed as feed supplements in the lambs` diet.
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2006
This study was carried out to evaluate intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen (N) retention and ruminal microbial protein synthesis in lambs fed dwarf elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Mott) hay or hay supplemented with urea and 0, 5, 10 or 15 g/kg of live weight (LW) of cracked corn grain. Ten lambs (mean LW of 28 ± 0.9 kg), housed in metabolic cages, were used in a double 5 × 5 Latin Square experiment. Except fibre intake and digestibility, which was higher, the intake and digestibility of the others feed components, as well as ruminal microbial protein synthesis and N retention were lower in non-supplemented lambs. Corn supplementation increased total dry matter (DM) (P<0.05), organic matter (OM), non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and energy intake (P<0.01) but decreased total neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom) (P<0.01) intake, as well as OM and aNDFom intake from the hay (P<0.01). Apparent DM, OM and energy digestibility, as well as OM true digestibility (OMTD) increased (P<0.01), and aNDFom digestibility decreased Abbreviations: ADFom, acid detergent fibre (exclusive of ash); ADIN, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen; Lignin (sa), lignin determined by the sulphuric acid method; DM, dry matter; EE, ether extract; LW, live weight; OM, organic matter; aNDFom, neutral detergent fibre (with a heat stable amylase and exclusive of ash); NDIN, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen; N, nitrogen; NSC, non-structural carbohydrate; OMTD, organic matter true digestibility * Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 55 220 8355; fax: +55 55 220 8692.
Nutritional Evaluation of Some Crop Residuals as a Roughage Sources for Feeding Lambs
Journal of Animal and Poultry Production, 2010
Twenty four Rahmany male lambs (25.6±1.69 kg; four months age) were divided into three similar groups, eight animals each. The animals were randomly assigned using a complete randomize design to receive one of the three rations as following for 90 day. All animal fed concentrate feed mixture at rate of 2% of live body weight and had ad libitum access to Faba bean straw (G1), Chick-pea straw (G2) and Lentil straw (G3). At the middel of the experimental period, three digestion trails were carried out by using metabolic cages to determine nutrients digestibility, nitrogen balance and feeding values of experimental rations. Data obtained revealed that Lentil and Chick-pea straws were higher OM, CP and NFE content than faba bean straw. On the other hand, the same straws were less ash and crude fiber content compared to Faba bean straw. Ration containing Lentil straw and chick-pea straw had significantly higher (P<0.05) crude protein intake (CPI) and total digestible nutrients intake (TDNI) as well as digestible crude protein intake (DCPI). In addition to DM, CF and NFE digestibility for ration G3 were (P<0.05) higher than G1 and G2. Concerning the nutritive values as TDN and DCP the results showed that G3 was higher (P<0.05) than G1 and G2. Insignificant differences (P>0.05) were noticed in rumen NH3-N after 6hrs feeding and TVFA's concentration among the groups at times 0 and 3 hrs after feeding. While, values of pH had significant higher in G3 after 3 and 6hrs feeding than G1 and G2. Nitrogen balance data clearly indicated that N retention was higher (P<0.05) for G3 and G2 comparable G1. Significant (P<0.05) increase in blood total protein, albumin and globulin concentration was recorded for G3 and G2 compared to G1. Lentil straw group (G3) had the highest total gain and average daily gain (ADG) being 16.0 kg and 178 gm, respectively, at the same time, feed conversion as kg DM/kg gain improved. While, Chick pea was more economic efficiency than Lentil straw (G3) and Faba bean straw (G1). However, ration containing Chick pea straw had cheaper cost for produce 1 kg gain than the others. So, it could be concluded that, chick pea straw and lentil straw had to be used as a good roughages in rations of growing lambs.
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2011
Livestock husbandry in the dry areas of the Mediterranean basin is facing scarcity and fluctuation of feed supply and feed prices. At the same time the local agro-food industry is expanding and its by-products might be used as alternatives to traditional feed resources, but their nutritional value is not well known. Therefore, four by-products typical for the Mediterranean area were tested in vitro (n = 3 per diet or feed), in sacco (n = 6) and in vivo (n = 6) either individually or in a proportion of 0.34 of the total diet. The test feeds (broken lentils, sugar beet pulp, tomato pomace and crude olive cake) were compared to a barley-wheat bran mixture (control). Forage (barley straw) made up proportionately 0.5 of the diet. For all experiments either rumen canulated or intact castrated male Awassi sheep were employed. The thirty sheep used in the in vivo experiment weighed on average 42 kg. The animals were fed 1.1 kg dry matter (DM)/day and had free access to water. Large compositional differences (g/kg DM) between the batches of test feeds used in the present study were found in crude protein (from 79 to 245; for olive cake and broken lentils), neutral detergent fiber (aNDFom; from 283 to 584; for broken lentils and olive cake) and non-fiber carbohydrates (from 109 to 436 for tomato pomace and olive cake and to broken lentils). Two feeds (tomato pomace and olive cake) were rich in ether extract; sugar beet pulp was rich in calcium. Broken lentils had the highest effective degradabilities (ED). Olive cake was lowest in ED of OM and aNDFom (0.39 and 0.32, respectively). Olive cake caused refusals of concentrate (lower proportionate concentrate intake compared with the control, P<0.001). The apparent nutrient digestibility of broken lentils and sugar beet pulp was similar (P<0.001) to the control and lower (P<0.001) for tomato pomace and olive cake. Metabolizable energy (ME; MJ/kg DM) was determined by various ways and always showed a very low value for olive cake (1-2). Broken lentils and sugar beet pulp had ME contents higher (P<0.001) than that of tomato pomace. The study showed that some by-products were promising as alternatives to traditional concentrate ingredients, while others, especially olive cake, might be only used at low levels.