Chemical Alternatives to Malathion for Controlling Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), and Their Side Effects on Natural Enemies in Spanish Citrus Orchards (original) (raw)
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Journal of Economic Entomology, 2009
The Mediterranean fruit ßy, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most important fruit pests worldwide. Mediterranean fruit ßy control in Spain has been based on organophosphate sprays, especially malathion, mixed with protein baits. However, this insecticide has recently been excluded from annex 1 of the Directive 91/414 CEE, which lists authorized active ingredients for pest control in the European Union. This article reports on the efÞcacy of four alternative baited insecticides on Mediterranean fruit ßy and their side effects on three natural enemies [Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant), Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor), and Aphidius colemani (Viereck)] relevant for pest control in citrus agroecosystems. A high Mediterranean fruit ßy mortality was obtained for all baited insecticides (phosmet and spinosad) except lambdacyhalothrin, which caused the lowest mortality and showed a novel disabling effect on surviving Mediterranean fruit ßy adults. Spinosad proved to be the most selective bait treatment for C. montrouzieri and N. californicus, whereas for A. colemani the most selective bait was phosmet and lambda-cyhalothrin. These Þndings would contribute to a sustainable chemical control of C. capitata populations under an integrated pest management system in Spanish citrus orchards.
2015
Malathion is the key insecticide used in the control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Tunisia. Resistance to this organophosphate insecticide has been reported in various insect species. The use of Malathion will slowly phase out and replaced by more environment friendly insecticides such as spinosad. In this study, we evaluated spinosad as a replacement of Malathion in bait spray to control C. capitata in Tunisian citrus orchards. The assessment was based on weekly monitoring of C. capitata males catches in traps baited with trimedlure and the estimate of fruit damage on the Maltaise variety. Our results showed that the population level was significantly lower in spinosad than in Malathion bait sprays with 1.6 and 15.30 fly/trap/day respectively. The effectiveness of spinosad treatment was confirmed by significantly low rates of fruit damage not exceeding 9.75 %.
Journal of Pesticide Science, 2007
Current Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) control in Spain is based primarily on applications of organophosphate insecticides, especially malathion, mixed with protein baits. In Spain, one of the current research lines is focused on finding more environmentally friendly insecticides. One such alternative is the insecticide spinosad. We compared two formulations and various concentrations of spinosad bait treatments (10% Spintor Cebo ® and 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15% Spintor 480 SC ® ϩ0.5% Nu-lure) under laboratory conditions and found all treatments to be effective in causing high mortality of C. capitata adults within 6 days of exposure to 0-, 3-, or 6-day-old residues. Field trials demonstrated that 5% Spintor Cebo ® , 0.1% Spintor 480 SC ® ϩ0.5% Nu-lure, and 0.5% Malafin 50 ® ϩ0.5% Nu-lure reduced C. capitata adults similarly and protected fruit from C. capitata damage to a similar extent. Both spinosad treatments will be promising as a replacement for malathion in bait sprays.
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2013
Vienna-8 sterile males are currently released in Spain to reduce wild populations of the medßy. Because pesticides are required to maintain populations of some citrus key pests below economic thresholds, there is a need to evaluate the effects of pesticides commonly used in citrus on Vienna-8 males. Males were exposed to differently aged residues of eight pesticides. Abamectin, etofenprox, etoxazole, petroleum spray oil, pymetrozine, and pyriproxyfen resulted harmless to Vienna-8 males. However, fresh residues of chlorpyrifos and spinosad caused high mortalities and had residual effects until 21 and 28 d after treatment, respectively. Following the same method, the lethal effects of chlorpyrifos and spinosad on Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) wild-type (wt) males were determined. Surprisingly, these pesticides resulted more toxic for wt than for Vienna-8 males. To determine whether these results could be attributed to intrinsic characteristics of the pesticides or to behavioral differences among Vienna-8 and wt males, a topical application trial was conducted. Vienna-8 males were twice as susceptible to chlorpyrifos as wt males, whereas their susceptibility to spinosad was slightly lower. These results in intrinsic toxicity did not directly explain the differences observed in the extended-laboratory tests with these pesticides. We hypothesize that the lower ßight activity of Vienna-8 males relative to wt conspeciÞcs can explain the lower risk observed for Vienna-8 males in the residual tests. Our results should be taken into account when planning area-wide Sterile Insect Technique programs against C. capitata especially in those areas where treatments with chlorpyrifos are approved. RESUMEN La suelta de machos estériles Vienna-8 se realiza en Españ a para reducir la població n salvaje de la mosca Mediterránea de la fruta. Debido a que el uso de plaguicidas es necesario para mantener las poblaciones de las plagas clave en cṍtricos por debajo de sus umbrales econó micos de dañ os, urge evaluar su efecto sobre los machos Vienna-8. Los machos Vienna-8 se expusieron a residuos de distintas edades de ocho plaguicidas. Abamectina, etofenprox, etoxazol, aceite mineral, pimetrozina y piriproxifen resultaron inocuos. Sin embargo, los residuos frescos de clorpirifos y de spinosad causaron mortalidades elevadas y resultaron persistentes hasta 21 y 28 dṍas tras su tratamiento, respectivamente. Siguiendo la misma metodologṍa, se determinaron los efectos letales de clorpirifos y de spinosad sobre los machos salvajes de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Sorprendentemente, estos plaguicidas resultaron más tó xicos y persistentes para los machos salvajes que para los Vienna-8. Para determinar si estos resultados eran atribuibles a las caracterṍsticas intrṍnsecas de los plaguicidas o a diferencias de comportamiento entre los machos salvajes y los Vienna-8, se realizó un experimento de aplicació n tó pica. Los machos Vienna-8 fueron dos veces más susceptibles a clorpirifos que los salvajes, y ligeramente menos susceptibles a spinosad. La toxicidad intrṍnseca de ambos plaguicidas, no pudo explicar las diferencias observadas en los ensayos de laboratorio extendido. Nuestra hipó tesis es que la menor actividad de vuelo de los machos Vienna-8 en comparació n con sus conspecṍÞcos salvajes puede explicar el menor riesgo de mortalidad observada en los machos Vienna-8 en los experimentos con residuos. Los resultados obtenidos deben tenerse en cuenta cuando se planiÞca la Técnica del Insecto Estéril en grandes áreas, especialmente en aquellas áreas donde los tratamientos con clorpirifos están aprobados.
Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2017
Citrus agro-industry is globally harshened mainly by Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the most worldwide destructive tephritid fruit fly species. Citrus agro-industry is one of the pillars of Tunisia economy, and by hence, harshened by this species. Tunisia has established an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme against citrus pests, including C. capitata, that rely on the structured use of pesticides, on the application several trapping protocols, along with pilot-scale sterile insect technique program and, since 2013, with pilot-scale releases of the braconid parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata Ashmed (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Insecticide side-effects on parasitoids and other natural enemies are being requested for a successful implementation of biological control within any IPM programme. However, these data are almost scarce for the braconid species D. longicaudata. To this end, we have determined the side-effects of malathion, methidathion, acetamiprid, azadiractin, a...
Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 2020
The management of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Turkey is mainly through chemical control. In this study, the effectiveness of the integrated pest management (IPM), mass trapping and chemical control were compared in an orange orchard in Tarsus (Mersin) during 2015 and 2016. The IPM program was based on the use of the synthetic food attractant lure Biolure, paired with sanitation of infected fruits and chemical control if necessary. In mass trapping plots the female targeted attractant lure Biolure and the male targeted sex attractant lure Trimedlure were used. Chemical control was based on bait treatments with Spinosad. The efficiency of the applications was evaluated according to the rate of infected fruits during harvest. The highest number of flies was detected in the Control plot as 404 flies/trap/week in 2015 and in Chemical Control plot as 429 flies/trap/week in 2016. No statistical difference was found between the applications regarding the number of male flies weekly captured and number of infected fruits. However, it was determined that the ratio of infected fruits in the IPM plot was lower than that of other plots (1.57% in 2015 and 0.89% in 2016) at harvest, followed by Biolure, Trimedlure and Spinosad, respectively. It was concluded that IPM, which included the application of several methods, was the most effective control practice for C. capitata.
For control of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), the attract-and-kill or attracticide technique is an alternative to the spraying of traditional organophosphate pesticides. In this study, the effectiveness of Ceranock and AAL&K attract-and-kill bait stations was assessed for control of C. capitata in Tunisian peach (Prunus persica) orchards. Our results showed that, in orchards with early-ripening varieties, the numbers of C. capitata males and fruit damage were significantly lower in plots treated with Ceranock and AAL&K bait stations than in plots treated with conventional organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides. In addition, the abundances of non-target insects in the Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae and Miridae were significantly greater in plots treated with the bait stations than in plots treated with the conventional pesticides; that is, the use of attract-and-kill bait stations had fewer negative effects than the application of conventional pesticides on the biological diversity in Tunisian peach orchards. Overall, the results indicate that Ceranock and AAL&K attract-and-kill bait stations are useful alternatives for the control of C. capitata in Tunisian peach orchards planted with early-ripening varieties.