Design, synthesis, and biological characterization of potential antiatherogenic nitric oxide releasing tocopherol analogs (original) (raw)
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Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2007
Synthesis, physicochemical, and biological characterization of a series of a-tocopherol mimetics with NO-releasing capacity are reported. The selected NO-donor moieties were nitrooxy and furoxan. All products were tested for their in vitro NO-releasing capacities, vasodilating properties and mammal cytotoxic activities. The lipophilic-hydrophilic balance of all products was also evaluated. A new hybrid furoxan, phenol derivative 17, possesses adequate profile of the studied properties.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2009
Nitric oxide-releasing a-tocopherol mimetics with LDL-protective activity were designed to maintain the tocopherol substructure necessary for its biochemical recognition by a-tocopherol transfer protein. In order to study the molecular interactions to a-TTP, theoretical binding studies by means of docking techniques and experimental binding assays, using a fluorescent probe, were performed. Furoxanyl-tocopherol-hybrid analogs 7 and 9 have the best ability to bind to a-TTP suggesting that they could be incorporated to LDL in vivo to further release nitric oxide and prevent oxidative modifications.
British Journal of Pharmacology
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Atherosclerosis is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation with concomitant lipid accumulation in the arterial wall. Anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties have been described for a novel class of endogenous nitroalkenes (nitrated-unsaturated fatty acids), formed during inflammation and digestion/absorption processes. The lipid-associated antioxidant α-tocopherol is transported systemically by LDL particles including to the atheroma lesions. To capitalize on the overlapping and complementary salutary properties of endogenous nitroalkenes and α-tocopherol, we designed and synthesized a novel nitroalkene-α-tocopherol analogue (NATOH) to address chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis, particularly at the lesion sites. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We synthesized NATOH, determined its electrophilicity and antioxidant capacity and studied its effects over pro-inflammatory and cytoprotective pathways in macrophages in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrated its incorporation into lipoproteins and tissue both in vitro and in vivo, and determined its effect on atherosclerosis and inflammatory responses in vivo using the Apo E knockout mice model. KEY RESULTS NATOH exhibited similar antioxidant capacity to α-tocopherol and, due to the presence of the nitroalkenyl group, like endogenous nitroalkenes, it exerted electrophilic reactivity. NATOH was incorporated in vivo into the VLDL/LDL lipoproteins particles to reach the atheroma lesions. Furthermore, oral administration of NATOH down-regulated NF-κB-dependent expression of proinflammatory markers (including IL-1β and adhesion molecules) and ameliorated atherosclerosis in Apo E knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In toto, the data demonstrate a novel pharmacological strategy for the prevention of atherosclerosis based on a creative, natural and safe drug delivery system of a non-conventional anti-inflammatory compound (NATOH) with significant potential for clinical application.
Scientific Reports
Inflammation plays a major role in the onset and development of chronic non-communicable diseases like obesity, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Combined, these diseases represent the most common causes of death worldwide, thus development of novel pharmacological approaches is crucial. Electrophilic nitroalkenes derived from fatty acids are formed endogenously and exert antiinflammatory actions by the modification of proteins involved in inflammation signaling cascades. We have developed novel nitroalkenes derived from α-tocopherol aiming to increase its salutary actions by adding anti-inflammatory properties to a well-known nutraceutical. We synthesized and characterized an α-tocopherol-nitroalkene (NATOH) and two hydrosoluble analogues derived from Trolox (NATxME and NATx0). We analyzed the kinetics of the Michael addition reaction of these compounds with thiols in micellar systems aiming to understand the effect of hydrophobic partition on the reactivity of nitroalkenes. We studied NATxME in vitro showing it exerts non-conventional anti-inflammatory responses by inducing Nrf2-Keap1-dependent gene expression and inhibiting the secretion of NF-κB dependent pro-inflammatory cytokines. NATxME was also effective in vivo, inhibiting neutrophil recruitment in a zebrafish model of inflammation. This work lays the foundation for the rational design of a new therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of metabolic and inflammation-related diseases. Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD) constitute the major cause of mortality in the world, accounting for 70% of all deaths 1. Modern life styles, which include sedentarism and high-caloric diets concomitant with a high daily sugar intake has led to a dramatic increase in the incidence of these pathologies 2. Among cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis is a major health issue, leading to 30 to 50% of deaths worldwide 2. In the last decade, low grade, chronic and sterile inflammation have been associated with the activation of different cellular signaling pathways (mainly NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation) and has appeared as an important player in the pathogenesis of these chronic diseases 3-9. The inflammatory response promotes the olefinic nitration of unsaturated fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid, resulting in the formation of
Journal of Neuroscience Research, 2008
Tocopherols (vitamin E) are potent antioxidants as well as modulators of enzymes involved in signal transduction, like nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In primary murine microglial cells and in the microglial cell line BV-2, a-, g-, and d-tocopherol and a-tocopherol acid succinate, respectively, promote nitric oxide (NO) release. The NOS inhibitors aminoguanidine and N G -methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) suppressed a-and g-tocopherolinduced NO release, but had no significant effect on dtocopherol-and a-tocopherol acid succinate-induced NO release. In BV-2 cells, but not in primary microglial cells, g-and d-tocopherol and a-tocopherol acid succinate, respectively, led to cell death, characterized by exposition of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface, chromatin condensation, changes in cell volume, and formation of blebs on the cell surface. Aminoguanidine, L-NMMA, and the NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO) enhanced apoptosis in g-tocopherol-exposed cells and suppressed apoptosis in d-tocopherol-treated cells, but had no effect on cells supplemented with a-tocopherol acid succinate. The NO donors sodium nitroprusside and 2-(N,N-diethylamino)-diazenolate 2-oxide enhanced apoptosis in g-or d-tocopherol-treated cells, but rescued cells from a-tocopherol acid succinate-induced cell death. V V C 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biochemistry, 2015
We have developed novel NO-releasing prodrugs of efaproxiral (RSR13) for their potential therapeutic applications in a variety of diseases with underlying ischemia. RSR13 is an allosteric effector of hemoglobin (Hb) that decreases the protein's affinity for oxygen, thereby increasing tissue oxygenation. NO in the form of ester prodrugs has been found useful in managing several cardiovascular diseases by increasing blood flow and oxygenation in ischemic tissues, due to its vasodilatory property. We synthesized three NO-donor ester derivatives of RSR13 (DD-1, DD-2 and DD-3) by attaching the NO-releasing moieties, nitrooxyethyl, nitrooxypropyl, and 1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate, respectively, to the carboxylate of RSR13. In-vitro studies demonstrated that the compounds released NO in a time-dependent manner when incubated with L-cysteine (1.8 - 9.3%) or human serum (2.3 - 52.5%); and also reduced Hb affinity for oxygen in whole blood (ΔP50 of 4.9 - 21.7 mmHg vs 25.4 -...
Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2011
In the last decades, significant progress in research and clinics has been made to offer possible innovative therapeutics for the management of allergic diseases. However, current allergen immunotherapy shows limitations concerning the long-term efficacy and safety due to local side effects and risk of anaphylaxis. Thus, effective and safe vaccines with reduced dose of allergen have been developed using adjuvants. Nevertheless, the use of adjuvants still has several disadvantages, which limits its use in human vaccines. In this context, several novel adjuvants for allergen immunotherapy are currently being investigated and developed. Currently, nanoparticles-based allergen-delivery systems have received much interest as potential adjuvants for allergen immunotherapy. It has been demonstrated that the incorporation of allergens into a delivery system plays an important role in the efficacy of allergy vaccines. Several nanoparticles-based delivery systems have been described, including biodegradable and nondegradable polymeric carriers. Therefore, this paper provides an overview of the current adjuvants used for allergen immunotherapy. Furthermore, nanoparticles-based allergen-delivery systems are focused as a novel and promising strategy for allergy vaccines.
Nitric Oxide: State of the Art in Drug Design
Since the great discovery of Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad in the late 90´s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered one of the most versatile endogenous molecules, which is involved in important signaling biochemistry pathways of the human body. Thus, it is directly related to pathological processes and its over- or low-production is able to cause damage in systems that are involved. By using certain functional groups present in molecules that already have potential therapeutic value, hybrid compounds, by means of inclusion of NOdonors (e.g., ester nitrates, furoxans, benzofuroxans, NONOates, S-nitrosothiols, metal complexes), can be generated that have a NO release benefit along with maintaining the activity of the native drug. This approach has proved to be useful in many spheres of Medicinal Chemistry, such as cardiovascular, inflammatory, bacterial, fungal, viral, parasitic, ocular diseases and cancer. Potent and selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitors are being designed, mainly through enzyme structure based process, however, due to high homology between the isoforms, these studies have proved to be very difficult. The objective of the research is to achieve a balance between the release of therapeutic amounts of NO, especially in specific site of action, and maintaining the native drug activity. The search for new and effective NO-donor hybrid drugs, as well as selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, is an important focus in modern drug design in order to manipulate biochemical pathways involving NO that influence many dysfunctions of the human organism.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2006
We investigated the in vitro metabolism of two (nitrooxy)butyl ester nitric oxide (NO) donor derivatives of flurbiprofen and ferulic acid, [1,1Ј-biphenyl]-4-acetic acid-2-fluoro-␣-methyl-4-(nitrooxy)butyl ester (HCT 1026) and 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid 4-(nitrooxy)butyl ester (NCX 2057), respectively, in rat blood plasma and liver subcellular fractions compared with (nitrooxy)butyl alcohol (NOBA) and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). HCT 1026 and NCX 2057 undergo rapid ubiquitous carboxyl ester hydrolysis to their respective parent compounds and NOBA. The nitrate moiety of this latter is subsequently metabolized to inorganic nitrogen oxides (NOx), predominantly in liver cytosol by glutathione S-transferase (GST) and to a lesser extent in liver mitochondria. If, however, in liver cytosol, the carboxyl ester hydrolysis is prevented by an esterase inhibitor, the metabolism at the nitrate moiety level does not occur.