Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005: Field Observations and Study of Current Seismic Provisions for Buildings in Pakistan (original) (raw)
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In Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK) and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (Previously NWFP) in the morning of October 08, 2005, there was a major earthquake of 7.6 mw magnitude. Approximately 100,000 people dead, 138,000 seriously injured and around 3.5 million people were displaced. Approximately 400,153 houses, 6,298 schools, 796 health facilities, 6,440 km roads and 50 to 70 % services like communication, power, water, sanitation etc were destroyed and damaged. Due to ground shaking (horizontal and vertical components), most damage to buildings and infrastructure occurred. In this paper, we discussed the building construction found and the reasons and causes for large scale destruction to the buildings and infrastructure. We observed that most of the buildings were built without implementing building code and seismic design. Then we discussed the building code of Pakistan (including seismic provisions), particularly for the earthquake affected area, and its implementation. We also discussed the building code and seismic design for construction in Japan and compared it with the practices in Pakistan. We described the seismic design and how to use seismic design in different kind of building structures to make the building structures more resistant to earthquakes. In this paper, we suggested some solutions for the construction of building structures in Pakistan to make the building structures more resistant to earthquake and to lessen the damage.
General observations of building behaviour during the 8th October 2005 Pakistan earthquake
Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 2008
Pakistan. A majority of the buildings in the earthquake region were non-engineered, owner-built, loadbearing masonry or reinforced concrete framed structures. Most of the masonry buildings were built with random or semi-dressed stone-walls without any reinforcement. The reinforced concrete frame buildings were deficient in strength, lacked ductile detailing and were poorly constructed. A large number of such buildings collapsed, leading to widespread destruction and loss of life. The building damage was the main cause behind the human and property loss. The collapse of floor and roof structures, the brittle behaviour of concrete buildings, a lack of integrity in masonry structures, and a lack of incorporation of seismically resistant features in building structures are found to be main reasons for the catastrophe.
Evaluation of Design and Construction Practices -- A Lesson Learnt From Kashmir Earthquake
2012
An intense earthquake of magnitude 7.6, known as Kashmir Earthquake, jolted northern areas of Pakistan and Pakistan administrated Kashmir on October 8 th , 2005. The affected area has a rugged mountainous terrain with extreme weather conditions and was never exposed to such a serious seismic activity in the recent history. Therefore, the event was responsible for the destruction of buildings, infrastructures and earth slopes. The authors have been surveying the devastated areas to assess the damage pattern, proposed methods for improved design/construction and lack of their practices.
Observed damages in Pakistan due to 16 April 2013 Iran earthquake
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2014
This paper presents the record of damages which were observed in Pakistan due to a strong earthquake on 16 April 2013 in Iran. Mashkel was the nearest town in Pakistan close to the epicentre of earthquake. The damages were documented by a survey team during the visit of Mashkel. The intensity of earthquake in most of the visited areas was found to be VIII on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. The infrastructure facilities were undamaged and were operating satisfactorily. On the other hand, heavy damage to adobe buildings was caused by the earthquake. Most of the building failure was resulted by the out-of-plane wall collapse; nearly 40 % adobe buildings were collapsed due to ground shaking in some of the affected areas. Reinforced concrete and cement concrete block masonry buildings performed better than adobe buildings. Using the data of building damage and earthquake intensity fragility curves for adobe buildings in Mashkel were developed.
Seismic vulnerability assessment and evaluation of high rise buildings in Islamabad
2012
Primarily the aim of this research is to carry out seismic evaluation study of buildings structures in Islamabad in order to propose basic guidelines and suggestions for Pakistan Code. Knowing the important nature of the subject, the earthquake based organizations are serious to compile a document for seismic threatened countries and areas. It is aimed that the document will work as a guideline source for the seismic evaluation, calculation and assessment of strength, behavior and expected performance and also the safety of already existing buildings. This study is based on review of already available documents on seismic vulnerability and evaluation of present buildings at different sites is carried out in order to know the key components of this very procedure so that it can be used in Pakistan and also in other developing countries as well. This would not only be robust, safe and reliable, but also can be convenient to use within the domain of available resources. ASCE 31-03 guid...
Learning from Earthquakes: The Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005: Impacts in Pakistan
Earthquake Spectra
The trip included a helicopter survey of the area courtesy of the Pakistan Army. The team also attended a two-day international conference on the earthquake organized by the NWFP UET in Islamabad and met with the Prime Minister of Pakistan at the PM House. This report summarizes the salient portions of the information gathered during the visit.
Damage survey and seismic vulnerability assessment of unreinforced masonry structures in low-intensity Ambasa earthquake of northeast India, 2022
Unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings in many developing countries are susceptible to severe damage during earthquakes as these are designed and constructed without considering the earthquake risk of that region. Many low-rise URM buildings in Tripura, a northeast state of India, have suffered substantial damage during the recent low-intensity Ambasa earthquake (Mw 5.7). In this context, a damage survey was conducted at first to assess the cause behind the damaged URM buildings. Thereafter, a publicly funded three-storied URM building in Kumarghat, Tripura, has been chosen as a typical representative case for the vulnerability assessment. The Equivalent Frame Modelling approach has been used to model the building in SAP2000 with three different sets of material properties. The Incremental Dynamic Analysis is performed considering seven ground motions to obtain the damage measures for fragility analysis. The visual observations and numerical results match well for the damaged building. In fact, the modelling and analysis technique seems to predict the reasonably accurate damage scenario within a limited computational effect. This opened up a possibility for assessing seismic of masonry buildings on a regular basis which was otherwise a challenge. It has been found that the use of poor quality materials is the primary reason behind the damage to the buildings in such earthquakes. The derived fragility curves also show that with the deterioration of material quality, the probability of suffering moderate to extensive damage increased significantly at the PGA level of 0.052 g that was recorded during the earthquake. Hence, this paper may help the practising engineer to understand several cruxes of vulnerability involved in the design and construction of structures. Further, the method summarized in this study may be extended for the vulnerability assessment of all the building typologies of the earthquake-prone areas of developing countries. 1. Introduction Low-to-mid-rise unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings are widely constructed in public and private sectors in most of the developing countries like India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan etc. In the rural and urban areas of northeast India, the URM buildings are very common due to their lower construction cost, availability of materials, good heat and sound insulation properties, ease of construction etc. [1,2]. These buildings are generally built without much technical advice to resist/ transmit gravity only. Moreover, URM buildings are characterized as highly rigid structures with low tensile capacity along with low ductile properties. The ability to withstand reversible loading is also very low. Hence, these URM buildings frequently suffered severe damage to even complete collapse in the past earthquakes [3-6]. The north-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent is seismically very active [7-9] and in the last decade, this region was hit by several earthquakes, namely the 2011 Sikkim earthquake (Mw 6.9), 2016 Manipur earthquake (Mw 6.7), 2017 Ambasa earthquake (Mw 5.7), 2020 Mizoram earthquake (MW 5.6), 2021 Assam earthquake (MW 6.4) of moderate to high magnitude [7]. The URM buildings suffered extensive damage during these earthquakes, as reported elsewhere [6-8]. In this regard, it is to be mentioned here that according to the seismic zonal map of the Indian seismic code, northeast east India is under the severe most zone, i.e., seismic zone V [10]. To design civil engineering struc-tures under earthquake load, the maximum peak ground acceleration is considered to be 0.36 g for this seismic zone as per the Indian seismic code. Further, it is a general perception that the publicly funded build-ings, especially school and hospital buildings, are to be designed and constructed with utmost care following the codal provisions so that they can withstand even bigger earthquakes that the region is likely to experience. However, the poor performance of URM buildings during the 2017 Ambasa Earthquake, having a PGA level of 0.052 g (as reported * Corresponding author. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Structures journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/structures https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.08.005 Received 26 April 2022; Received in revised form 30 July 2022; Accepted 1 August 2022
Preliminary reconnaissance report for the Kashmir earthquake of 8 October 2005
2007
ABSTRACT: A magnitude (Mw) 7.6 earthquake occurred at 8.55 am (local time) on 8 October 2005 causing extensive damage to buildings, bridges and roads and killing in excess of 87,000 people in the Kashmir region of northern Pakistan. Damage and deaths were also reported from Indian Administered Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan. The most severely affected region was in the epicentral area around Muzaffarabad in Pakistan Administered Kashmir.