Anatomical features of the urethra and urinary bladder catheterization in female mice and rats. An essential translational tool (original) (raw)
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Review of Animal Models to Study Urinary Bladder Function
Biology, 2021
The urinary bladder (UB) serves as a storage and elimination organ for urine. UB dysfunction can cause multiple symptoms of failure to store urine or empty the bladder, e.g., incontinence, frequent urination, and urinary retention. Treatment of these symptoms requires knowledge on bladder function, which involves physiology, pathology, and even psychology. There is no ideal animal model for the study of UB function to understand and treat associated disorders, as the complexity in humans differs from that of other species. However, several animal models are available to study a variety of other bladder disorders. Such models include animals from rodents to nonhuman primates, such as mice, rats, rabbits, felines, canines, pigs, and mini pigs. For incontinence, vaginal distention might mimic birth trauma and can be measured based on leak point pressure. Using peripheral and central models, inflammation, bladder outlet obstruction, and genetic models facilitated the study of overactive...
Imaging anatomical radiological investigation of rabbit urinary bladder and pelvic urethra
Background/Aim: The imaging anatomical investigation of the urinary bladder can be done by positive and negative contrast cystography as double-contrast cystography. The topic of the study was to investigate the anatomical radiological features of the rabbit urinary bladder and pelvic urethra. Material and Method: Eight healthy male, sexually mature white New Zealand rabbits were investigated. Following anesthesia an antegrade contrast and retrograde positive and negative cystography and urethrography were performed. Result and Conclusion: In the non-contrast anatomical radiological study the urinary bladder was visualized with low X-ray attenuation. In the retrograde positive and negative contrast anatomical presenting of the urinary bladder and pelvic urethra, the bladder showed an image with enhanced X-ray attenuation. The bladder was pear-shaped and completely localized in the caudal part of the abdominal cavity, ahead of the pelvic threshold, as cranial it reached the middle of the fourth lumbar vertebra. Bladder mucosa was with smooth relief. Double contrast anatomical presenting showed the bladder image as a soft tissue finding with peripheral negative contrast zone and two positive contrast areas. Lateral projection of the double contrast organs showed that the image of ureter-bladder drainage was found on the dorsocaudal wall of the bladder, in the transition between body and neck, at the level of the seventh lumbar segment. The image of the pelvic urethra's beginning part was visualized caudodorsal to the ureters' openings.
2013
Objective: To evaluate in a rabbit experimental model a mechanism of continence of catheterizable urinary conduits (CUC), focusing on the behavior of intersected rectal muscle fibers in relation to the channel by histological and histochemical analysis, and secondarily to register conduit continence rates from clinical and urodynamic data. Materials and methods: 12 rabbits were submitted to construction of a CUC from two abdominal skin flaps and divided into two groups: 8 with a urinary neo-sphincter created according to Yachia and 4 controls. We registered clinical outcome, urodynamic studies and microscopic analysis of CUC on the surface of the conduit, which was in direct contact with the mechanism of continence. We took muscle samples from the mechanisms of continence and performed histochemical evaluation by enzymatic reactions. Results: Histological evaluation of the CUC showed no difference between groups. Histology and immunohistochemistry of the muscle fibers showed that areas of necrosis, cell atrophy and motor neuron injury from the first eight weeks recovered by the end of 16th week. Conduit complications occurred in 4 animals (33%). The average detrusor leakage point pressure through the conduit was 90 cm H 2 O versus 39 cm H 2 O through the urethra. * I would like to express my thankfulness for having our paper reviewed for possible publication in the Journal of Pediatric Urology. This time I would like to answer to the reviewer's comments.
Rabbit as a model of urinary bladder function
Neurourology and Urodynamics, 1994
Micturition is a complex neuromuscular process. Although control mechanisms have been identified at several levels of the central nervous system and spinal cord, the final pathway in the control of micturition is the autonomic innervation of the urinary bladder and related structures. Following this line of reasoning further, micturition is ultimately dependent on the ability of the urinary bladder to both contract and generate intravesical pressure, and to modify its shape in such a way as to efficiently expel its contents without leaving a high residual volume.In order to understand the various elements of micturition, a wide variety of both in vivo and in vitro animal models has been developed. In many cases, animal models have been utilized to describe the effect of specific experimental pathologies on the lower urinary tract. The current review of the use of the rabbit in urological research is not meant to be a comprehensive treatise on the topic, but should provide a rational description of the how this species can be utilized to study both normal and pathological function. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of two experimental models of urodynamic evaluation in female rats
Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, 2008
PURPOSE: Urodynamic studies in small animals can be performed through urethral sounding or cystostomy. OBJECTIVE: To compare the two methods of urodynamic evaluation in female rats. METHODS: Ten female rats weighing on average 250g, under anesthesia with urethane (1,25 mg/kg) were submitted in three repeats to an urethal catheter of 0,64 mm in external diameter for cystometric measurements of vesicle pressure(VP1) and contraction time (CT1). The catheter was extracted at a constant velocity of 0.05 cm/minute until complete exteriorization and determinations of maximal urethral pressure (UP1) and functional urethral length (FUL1). This was followed by a cystostomy with catheter PE50 and a new determination of the vesical pressure (VP2). After bladder denervation, a new cystometric record indirectly infered the maximum urethral closure pressure (UP2). The peak urethal pressure (UP3) and the functional urethral length (FUL2) were determined in another urethral sounding. The pressure re...
Neurourology and Urodynamics, 1994
The guinea pig has become an excellent nicdcl for the study of mechanical and electrical inechanisins regulating bladder function in the normal and obstructed state. Much preliminaq work has been donc on the in vitro behavior of the dctrusor smooth muscle. The tissuc has permitted electrophysiological studies by sucrose gap. microelectrtde, and patch clamp technique. Excellent urodynamic studies can be performed under anesthesia. A recent nicdel o f bladder obstruction has resulted in a source of tissue which is suitable for electrophysiological analysis of [he muscle. Low-cost and simple animal care requirements perniit large-scale studies corrclating urtdynamic, structural. biochemical, contractile. and e1ectrophysir)logical changes in response to obstruction. I IYYJ wdcy-l.I\\, Inc
The Anatomical Components of Urinary Continence
European Urology, 2009
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Effects of castration on female rabbit bladder physiology and morphology
Urology, 2004
Objectives. To determine the effect of ovariectomy on bladder blood flow and oxygen tension. Women are subject to bladder dysfunctions that occur less frequently in men. These include interstitial cystitis (syndrome of urgency, frequency, and pain on distension), incontinence, and bladder infections. It is believed that alterations in female sex hormones play a major role in mediating these abnormalities. We believe that alterations in estrogen can have marked effects on the blood flow to the bladder. Methods. We divided 20 female rabbits into two equal groups: ovariectomized and sham operated. Six weeks later, the bladder of each rabbit was evaluated for bladder capacity, compliance, permeability, blood flow, tissue hypoxia, morphology, and smooth muscle contraction. Results. Ovariectomy resulted in decreased bladder compliance; decreased blood flow to the bladder mucosa and uterus, a smaller decrease in blood flow to the bladder smooth muscle, and mucosal hypoxia; and statistically significant thinning of the bladder mucosa and increased mucosal permeability. Conclusions. Ovariectomy resulted in decreased blood flow and hypoxia to the bladder mucosa and a mildly decreased blood flow to the smooth muscle. The decreased blood flow and hypoxia may be related to the age-related uropathologic findings in postmenopausal women.