Site-specific properties of human adipose depots homologous to those of other mammals (original) (raw)
Related papers
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A, Comparative physiology, 1989
1. The maximum activities of the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase (HK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) were measured in defatted homogenates of adipose tissue from nine homologous depots of 57 wild and captive mammals belonging to 17 species and eight orders and differing in body mass by six orders of magnitude. 2. Site-specific differences in the enzyme activities were similar in all terrestrial species and were not consistently related to adipocyte volume. 3. The specimen-mean maximum activities of HK and PFK did not correlate with body mass, body composition or natural diet. 4. When specimens of different body composition and body mass were compared, glycolytic enzyme activity per adipocyte was directly proportional to adipocyte volume. 5. Site-specific differences in collagen content of adipose tissue did not correspond to those adipocyte volume. When homologous depots of different specimens were compared, the collagen content of adipose tissue was directly proportional to body mass....
The adipose organ: morphological perspectives of adipose tissues
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2001
Anatomically, an organ is defined as a series of tissues which jointly perform one or more interconnected functions. The adipose organ qualifies for this definition as it is made up of two tissue types, the white and brown adipose tissues, which collaborate in partitioning the energy contained in lipids between thermogenesis and the other metabolic functions. In rats and mice the adipose organ consists of several subcutaneous and visceral depots. Some areas of these depots are brown and correspond to brown adipose tissue, while many are white and correspond to white adipose tissue. The number of brown adipocytes found in white areas varies with age, strain of animal and environmental conditions. Brown and white adipocyte precursors are morphologically dissimilar. Together with a rich vascular supply, brown areas receive abundant noradrenergic parenchymal innervation. The gross anatomy and histology of the organ vary considerably in different physiological (cold acclimation, warm acclimation, fasting) and pathological conditions such as obesity; many important genes, such as leptin and uncoupling protein-1, are also expressed very differently in the two cell types. These basic mechanisms should be taken into account when addressing the physiopathology of obesity and its treatment.
Adipose depots differ in cellularity, adipokines produced, gene expression, and cell systems
Adipocyte, 2014
The race to manage the health concerns related to excess fat deposition has spawned a proliferation of clinical and basic research efforts to understand variables including dietary uptake, metabolism, and lipid deposition by adipocytes. A full appreciation of these variables must also include a depot-specific understanding of content and location in order to elucidate mechanisms governing cellular development and regulation of fat deposition. Because adipose tissue depots contain various cell types, differences in the cellularity among and within adipose depots are presently being documented to ascertain functional differences. This has led to the possibility of there being, within any one adipose depot, cellular distinctions that essentially result in adipose depots within depots. The papers comprising this issue will underscore numerous differences in cellularity (development, histogenesis, growth, metabolic function, regulation) of different adipose depots. Such information is useful in deciphering adipose depot involvement both in normal physiology and in pathology. Obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, carcass composition of meat animals, performance of elite athletes, physiology/ pathophysiology of aging, and numerous other diseases might be altered with a greater understanding of adipose depots and the cells that comprise them-including stem cells-during initial development and subsequent periods of normal/abnormal growth into senescence. Once thought to be dormant and innocuous, the adipocyte is emerging as a dynamic and influential cell and research will continue to identify complex physiologic regulation of processes involved in adipose depot physiology.
Adipose tissue in muscle: A novel depot similar in size to visceral adipose tissue
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Background: The manner in which fat depot volumes and distributions, particularly the adipose tissue (AT) between the muscles, vary by race is unknown. Objective: The objective was to quantify a previously unstudied and novel intermuscular AT (IMAT) depot and subcutaneous AT, visceral AT (VAT), and total-body skeletal muscle mass in healthy sedentary African American (AA), Asian, and white adults by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging. IMAT is the AT between muscles and within the boundary of the muscle fascia. Design: Analyses were conducted on 227 women [AA (n ҃ 79): body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ), 29.0 Ȁ 5.5; age, 45.7 Ȁ 16.9 y; Asian (n ҃ 38): BMI, 21.7 Ȁ 2.9; age, 47.2 Ȁ 19.9 y; whites (n ҃ 110): BMI, 24.9 Ȁ 5.4; age, 43.7 Ȁ 16.2 y]) and 111 men [AA (n ҃ 39): BMI, 25.6 Ȁ 3.2; age, 45.5 Ȁ 18.8 y; Asian (n ҃ 13): BMI, 24.9 Ȁ 2.5; age, 45.6 Ȁ 25.0 y; white (n ҃ 59): BMI, 25.8 Ȁ 3.8; age 44.5 Ȁ 16.3 y].
Studies of Human Adipose Tissue ADIPOSE CELL SIZE AND NUMBER IN NONOBESE AND OBESE PATIENTS
Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1973
subcutaneous and deep depots. When these different cellular patterns are examined in terms of various aspects of body size, body composition, and the degree, duration, and age of onset of obesity, only the latter uniquely distinguishes the hyperplastic from the hypertrophic: hyperplastic obesity is characterized by an early age of onset, hypertrophic, by a late age of onset. These studies indicate that there are two distinct periods early in life during which hypercellularity of the adipose tissue are most likely to occur: very early within the first few years, and again from age 9 to 13 yr.
ADIPOSE TISSUE: THE RENAISSANCE MARKED BY FOUR PARADIGM SHIFTS
One of the biggest recent achievements in the study of cardiometabolic diseases (atherosclerosis, hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and Alzheimer’s disease, which is recently viewed as type 3 diabetes, see below) is associated with the ”rediscovery” of a neglected tissue, the adipose tissue. Here we will Dance Round four paradigm shifts in the study of adipose tissue.
Integrative physiology of human adipose tissue
International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 2003
Adipose tissue is now recognised as a highly active metabolic and endocrine organ. Great strides have been made in uncovering the multiple functions of the adipocyte in cellular and molecular detail, but it is essential to remember that adipose tissue normally operates as a structured whole. Its functions are regulated by multiple external influences such as autonomic nervous system activity, the rate of blood flow and the delivery of a complex mix of substrates and hormones in the plasma. Attempting to understand how all these factors converge and regulate adipose tissue function is a prime example of integrative physiology. Adipose tissue metabolism is extremely dynamic, and the supply of and removal of substrates in the blood is acutely regulated according to the nutritional state. Adipose tissue possesses the ability to a very large extent to modulate its own metabolic activities, including differentiation of new adipocytes and production of blood vessels as necessary to accommo...