Proportions of Cancer Deaths Attributable to Cigarette Smoking in Women (original) (raw)
Related papers
Smoking and smoking cessation in relation to mortality in women
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association, 2008
Smoking is associated with an increased risk of total and cause-specific death, but the rate of mortality risk reduction after quitting compared with continuing to smoke is uncertain. There is inadequate or insufficient evidence to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between smoking and ovarian cancer and colorectal cancer.
The Lancet Oncology, 2008
Background-Whether women are more susceptible than men to lung cancer caused by cigarette smoking has been controversial. We aimed to determine the susceptibility of men and women to cigarette smoking by comparing lung carcinoma incidence rates by stratum of smoking use in the men and women of the National Institutes of Health-AARP cohort. Methods-The analysis included 279,214 men and 184,623 women from eight U.S. states aged 50 to 71 years at study baseline who were mailed a questionnaire between October 13, 1995 and May 6, 1996 and were followed until December 31, 2003. We present age-standardized incidence rates and multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) adjusted for potential confounders, each with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Findings-During follow-up, lung carcinomas occurred in 4,097 men and 2,237 women. Incidence rates were 20.3 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI: 16.3-24.3) in never smoking men (99 carcinomas) and 25.3, 95% CI: 21.3-29.3 in never smoking women (152 carcinomas); for this group, the HR for lung carcinoma was 1.3 (95%CI: 1.0-1.8) for women relative to men. Smoking was associated with increased lung carcinoma risk in both men and women. The incidence rate of current smokers of >2 packs per day was 1,259.2 (95%CI: 1,035.0-1,483.3) in men and 1,308.9 (95%CI: 924.2-1,693.6) in women. Among current smokers, in a model adjusted for typical smoking dose, the HR was 0.9 (95%CI: 0.8-0.9) for women relative to men. For former smokers, in a model adjusted for years of cessation and typical smoking dose, the HR was 0.9 (95%CI: 0.9-1.0) for women relative to men.
Epidemiological evidence on environmental tobacco smoke and cancers other than lung or breast
Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP, 2016
We reviewed 87 epidemiological studies relating environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure to risk of cancer other than lung or breast in never smoking adults. This updates a 2002 review which also considered breast cancer. Meta-analysis showed no significant relationship with ETS for nasopharynx cancer, head and neck cancer, various digestive cancers (stomach, rectum, colorectal, liver, pancreas), or cancers of endometrium, ovary, bladder and brain. For some cancers (including oesophagus, colon, gall bladder and lymphoma) more limited data did not suggest a relationship. An increased cervix cancer risk (RR 1.58, 95%CI 1.29-1.93, n = 17 independent estimates), reducing to 1.29 (95%CI 1.01-1.65) after restriction to five estimates adjusting for HPV infection or sexual activity suggests a causal relationship, as do associations with nasosinus cancer observed in 2002 (no new studies since), and less so kidney cancer (RR 1.33, 95%CI 1.04-1.70, n = 6). A weaker association with total can...
Lung Cancer Rates in Men and Women With Comparable Histories of Smoking
JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2004
Background: Recent case-control studies suggest that, given equal smoking exposure, women may have a higher relative risk of developing lung cancer than men. Despite prospective data that conflict with this hypothesis, mechanistic studies to find a biologic basis for a sex difference continue. Methods: We addressed the hypothesis directly by analyzing prospective data from former and current smokers in two large cohorts-the Nurses' Health Study of women and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study of men. We calculated incidence rates and hazard ratios of lung cancer in women compared with men, adjusting for age, number of cigarettes smoked per day, age at start of smoking, and time since quitting, using Cox proportional hazards models. We also reviewed published results from prospective analyses. Results: From 1986 through 2000, 955 and 311 primary lung cancers were identified among 60 296 women and 25 397 men, respectively, who ranged in age from 40 to 79 years. Incidence rates per 100 000 person-years for women and men were 253 and 232, respectively, among current smokers and 81 and 73, respectively, among former smokers. The hazard ratio in women ever smokers compared with men was 1.11 (95% confidence interval ؍ 0.95 to 1.31). Six published prospective cohort studies allowed assessment of comparative susceptibility to lung cancer by sex. None supported an excess risk of lung cancer for women. Conclusions: Women do not appear to have a greater susceptibility to lung cancer than men, given equal smoking exposure. Research should be focused on enhancing preventive interventions for all. [J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:826 -34] Affiliations of authors: School of Population Health, University of Queensland,
The hazards of death by smoking in middle-aged women
European Journal of Epidemiology, 2013
Recent studies have found that the risk of death continues to increase among female smokers, as compared with women who have never smoked. We wanted to examine the effect of smoking on all-cause and causespecific mortality and calculate the corresponding population attributable fraction (PAF) of mortality in the Norwegian women and cancer study; a nationally representative prospective cohort study. We followed 85,320 women, aged 31-70 years, who completed a questionnaire in 1991-1997, through linkages to national registries through December 2008. Questionnaire data included information on lifestyle factors, including lifetime history of smoking. Poisson regression models were fitted to estimate relative risks (RRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) adjusting for age, birth cohort, education, postmenopausal status, alcohol consumption and body mass index, all at enrollment. During a mean follow-up time of 14 years 2,842 deaths occurred. Compared with that of never smokers, current smokers had a mortality rate that was double (RR = 2.34; 95 % CI 2.13-2.62) from deaths overall, triple (RR = 3.30; 95 % CI 2.21-4.82) from cerebrovascular disease and myocardial infarction (RR = 3.65; 95 % CI 2.18-6.15), 12 times (RR = 12.16; 95 % CI 7.80-19.00) from lung cancer and seventeen times (RR = 17.00; 95 % CI 5.90-48.78) from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. The PAF of mortality due to smoking was 34 % (CI 30-39). In summary, one in three deaths among middle aged women in Norway could have been prevented if the women did not smoke. More middleaged women, than ever before, are dying prematurely due to smoking in Norway.
Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence
Lung Cancer, 2004
This report summarises the epidemiological evidence on the association between tobacco smoking and cancer, which was reviewed by an international group of scientists convened by IARC. Studies published since the 1986 IARC Monograph on "Tobacco smoking" provide sufficient evidence to establish a causal association between cigarette smoking and cancer of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, stomach, liver, kidney (renal cell carcinoma) and uterine cervix, and for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and myeloid leukaemia. These sites add to the previously established list of cancers causally associated with cigarette smoking, namely cancer of the lung, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, pancreas, urinary bladder and renal pelvis. Other forms of tobacco smoking, such as cigars, pipes and bidis, also increase risk for cancer, including cancer of the lung and parts of the upper aerodigestive tract. A meta-analysis of over 50 studies on involuntary smoking among never smokers showed a consistent and statistically significant association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer risk. Smoking is currently responsible for a third of all cancer deaths in many Western countries. It has been estimated that every other smoker will be killed by tobacco.
Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 2013
I t is estimated that one third of the world's adult population, and around 1.1 billion individuals, smokes tobacco, which makes every sixth human being a smoker. 1 Smoking-related illness is estimated to cause ~ 5 million deaths per annum around the globe, but is considered a leading preventable cause of death. 2 In developed countries, the rates of smoking have either leveled off or declined, but smoking-related deaths are on the rise in developing countries and are most common among the least-educated people. Initially, cigarette smoking prevalence was higher in males, but since the 1980s the gender gap has narrowed and plateaued. 3 In 2003, in a school-based cross-sectional survey on water pipe-based tobacco smoking (sheesha) in Oman, 1,962 students were interviewed (26.6% were ever-smokers and 9.6% were current smokers). Among the current smokers, 15.5% were males and only 2.6% were females. 4 In the USA in 2009, approximately 20.6% of adults and nearly 20% of high school students were cigarette smokers. An estimated 9% of them were smokeless tobacco consumers. Smokeless tobacco products include products such as moist snuff, chewing tobacco, snus (moist powdered tobacco) and dissolvable nicotine products such as strips and sticks. Current evidence, however, does not support the opinion that the use of these products is safer than smoking. Additionally, there is substantial evidence that these products can be implicated in oral and pancreatic cancers, precancerous oral lesions, gingival recession, gingival bone loss around the teeth, tooth-staining, and nicotine addiction. 5,6 In the USA, tobacco use is responsible for nearly 1 in 5 deaths. 7 In 2012, the estimated percentage of new lung cancers in males (116,470 cases) and females (109,690 cases) was 14% each. Among these
Lung cancer and cigarette smoking in women: A multicenter case-control study in Europe
International Journal of Cancer, 2000
The association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer risk in women was investigated within the framework of a case-control study in 9 centres from 6 European countries. Cases were 1,556 women up to 75 years of age with histologically confirmed primary lung cancer; 2,450 controls with age distribution similar to cases were selected. The predominant cell type was adenocarcinoma (33.5%), with similar proportions for squamous-cell type (26.4%) and small-cell carcinoma (22.3%). Overall, smoking cigarettes at any time was associated with a 5-fold increase in lung cancer risk (odds ratio 5.21, 95% confidence interval 4.49 -6.04); corresponding figures for current smoking habits were 8.94, 7.54 -10.6. The association showed a dose-response relationship with duration of the habit and daily and cumulative lifetime smoking. A significant excess risk of 70% was associated with every 10 pack-years smoked. After 10 years of smoking cessation, the relative risk decreased to 20% compared to current smokers. The following characteristics were associated with a higher relative risk: inhalation of smoke, smoking non-filter cigarettes, smoking dark-type cigarettes and starting at young age. The association was observed for all major histological types, being the strongest for small-cell type carcinoma, followed by squamous-cell type and the lowest for adenocarcinoma. The proportion of lung-cancer cases in the population attributable to cigarette smoking ranged from 14% to 85%. We concluded that women share most features of the association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer observed in men. Int.
Excess mortality among cigarette smokers: changes in a 20-year interval
American Journal of Public Health, 1995
OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to examine changes in smoking-specific death rates from the 1960s to the 1980s. METHODS: In two prospective studies, one from 1959 to 1965 and the other from 1982 to 1988, death rates from lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and other major smoking-related diseases were measured among more than 200,000 current smokers and 480,000 lifelong non-smokers in each study. RESULTS: From the first to the second study, lung cancer death rates (per 100,000) among current cigarette smokers increased from 26 to 155 in women and from 187 to 341 in men; the increase persisted after current daily cigarette consumption and years of smoking were controlled for. Rates among nonsmokers were stable. In contrast, coronary heart disease and stroke death rates decreased by more than 50% in both smokers and nonsmokers. The all-cause rate difference between smokers and nonsmokers doubled for women but was stable for men. CONCLUSIONS: Premature mortality (the difference ...