EFFECT OF LIVELIHOOD INCOME ACTIVITIES ON FOOD SECURITY STATUS OF RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN YOLA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA (original) (raw)
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Rural Development Institute, Brandon University., 2021
The livelihood of rural residents is paramount in the development of the Nigerian State. The broad objective of this study was to assess rural livelihoods in Adamawa State, Nigeria. In specific terms, the study described rural residents’ socio-economic characteristics, identified their livelihood strategies and activities, examined factors affecting the undertaking of diverse livelihood activities, and also identified livelihood constraints in the study area. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 480 selected household heads spread across 16 villages from the three agro-ecological zones of the State. Descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis were used in the data analysis. Findings of the study revealed that most of the respondents were male with a mean age of 46 years and were mostly (over 60%) educated. Married persons constituted the majority (about 90%), having an average household size of the respondents was seven persons. The main livelihood strategies in the area were diversification, intensification, and migration with agriculture-related activities being the most common. The study also revealed that the livelihood activities in the area were significantly affected by age (X1), gender(X2), marital status (X3), household size (X4), educational level (X5), farm size (X6), remittance (X7), social group membership (X8), and access to credit (X9). The respondents’ foremost livelihood constraints identified in the study were the lack of basic social amenities, poor political representation, insecurity challenges, lack of capital/financial exclusion, and adverse climatic conditions. Key among the recommendations of the study was the need for substantial investments in the provision of physical infrastructure in rural areas and also the provision of adequate security of lives and properties in conflict-affected areas.
Green Reports, 2022
The study examined livelihood diversification strategies as a means to poverty reduction among rural farming households in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Specifically, the research objectives were to: describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, identify the livelihood activities of the respondents, assess the level of diversification of livelihood activities of the respondents and determine the poverty status of the respondents. Data used for the studies were generated from 305 respondents, who were selected using multi-stage random sampling technique. The analytical tools used were descriptive and inferential statistics such as Simpson index of diversity and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT). Hypothesis was tested using Pearson correlation coefficient to measure a relationship between poverty status and livelihood activities. Findings of the study revealed that, the majority (89.18%) of rural farming household heads were men, married (85.90%) with the mean age of 44.77 years; 79.69% had one for of formal education or the other, 76.72% had farm size between 1 - 3 hectares, 38.36% had farming experience between 15 – 20 years with mean household size of 8 people, while majority (84.92%) of the respondents do not have access to credit. The distribution of respondents by nature of likelihood activities revealed that 95.08% were involved in arable cropping 50.49% were into livestock sales, 18.69% were civil servants and 69.4% were involved in one form of non-farm activities or the other. On the extent of livelihood diversification, 54.75% of the farming household had low diversification, 42.30% of farming households moderately diversified and only 2.95% of the respondents were highly diversified. Respondents’ distribution by poverty status showed that, poverty incidence (Po), poverty depth (P1) and poverty severity (P2) were 0.38, 0.17 and 0.10 respectively. The result of hypothesis test indicated that, the variables are positively correlated (r = 0.540) and statistically significant at P<0.01 level, imply that increase in livelihood activities increase the likelihood of being non-poor and vice versa. Based on findings of the study it was recommended that: Skills acquisition centers should be establish for rural farming households, sufficient resources should be provided to develop infrastructure, there should be access to credit facilities, and this would help to reduce poverty.
Green Reports
This paper examined livelihood diversification as a survival strategy and a means to escape food insecurity among rural farm households in Ganye, Adamawa state, Nigeria. Although still of central importance, farming on its own is increasingly unable to provide a sufficient means of survival in rural areas thus necessitating the need for diversification. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 230 rural household heads using structured questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result revealed that 80.43% of the respondents were male and 69.57% were married. Majority (76.08%) were educated and are mostly (73.91%) had farming as their primary occupation. Similarly, they undertake other diverse livelihood income activities which are mostly unskilled non-agricultural activities of which 52.17% moderately diversify, 37.83% had low diversification and only 10% were highly diversify. Food security condition was not much improved as about 56.96% of the households were unable to meet their daily food. The logit regression result showed that diversification was influenced by age, sex, educational level, primary occupation, household size, farm size, membership of cooperative, access to credit and total annual income and is significant at various levels. Rural farmers should be encouraged to participate in varied income generating activities in both agriculture and non-agricultural ventures to enhance their income and break the vicious cycle of poverty and impoverishment. The provision of soft loans at reduced interest prices will catalyse involvement in non-farm income generating activities thereby creating a boost in household income and consequently, welfare.
This study was undertaken to determine the effect of livelihood diversification on poverty alleviation in Giwa Local Government Area of Kaduna state, Nigeria. The study utilized primary data collected through a questionnaire administered to 100 respondents selected using purposive and random sampling procedures. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, the FGT poverty model and Tobit regression model. The result of the FGT poverty model revealed that the incidence of poverty among the farming households was 30%, implying that 70% of the farm households were not poor. The result of the Tobit regression showed that livelihood diversification was significant at 1% probability level and was negatively related to the poverty level of the farmers. This implies that a farming household head who engages in a number of livelihood activities has a lower likelihood of being poor. The increase in the number of livelihood activities increases the income of the farmers and invariably their purchasing power and welfare. It is therefore recommended that awareness and skills acquisition training programmes be established at the grass roots level by the local government authority to ensure that farmers are practising farming along with a wide range of income generating activities to improve their wellbeing.
The Influence of Economic Related Factors on Poverty among Farming Households: The Case of Nigeria
Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development, 2008
This study examined the influence of economic related factors on poverty among the farming households in Borno State, Nigeria. Using multistage sampling technique, 360 farming households were randomly from 12 villages spread across six local government areas of the three agro-ecological zones in the State. Primary data generated from farming household heads through well-structured sampled questionnaires were mainly used for this study. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics (means, frequencies and percentages), and Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) P alpha measure of poverty. The monthly mean per adult equivalent household expenditure (MPAEHE) was />J2,972.77. A poverty line of />J1,982.84 was estimated. Based on the poverty line of />J1,982.84, the FGT measures showed that 62 per cent of the farming households of the study area were poor; the average depth of the poor households from the poverty line was 44 per cent of the poverty line, while 18 per cent of the poor farming households were critically or severely poor. It was evident from the study that poverty level was lower among households with more off-farm income and cultivilted more farm land. Similarly, households in the study area who had access to agricultural loans, improved farm inputs and possessed one or more assets had lower poverty level than those who had'110 access to agricultural loans or no assets. On the other hand households who travel more distance to market had higher poverty level. Based on these findings, the study recommended that efforts towards increasing farming households' access to agricultural loans and inputs should be pursued. Farming households should also be encouraged to engage in off-farm economic activities as well as diversification of their agricultural activities.
Rural Households39 Livelihood Strategies in Kebbi State Nigeria
htSSN (Print): 2 Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (DUJOPAS),, 2024
This research studied rural livelihood strategies in Kebbi state, Nigeria. Stratified proportionate sampling was used to select 343 respondents, from whom data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and multinomial logit regression. Based on the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents, results revealed that the mean age of the respondents was 43 years, the majority of whom were male and married with an average household size of 12 people. Most of the respondents did not go through formal education and their mean annual income and farm size were ₦1,137,629.50 and 3.34 hectares, respectively. Results on livelihood strategy revealed that the majority (64%) of the respondents combined agricultural activities with other non-farm activities. Results from the multinomial logit model results revealed 7 (age, household size, years of education, access to credit, annual income, participation in social organization, and farm size) out of 11 factors as significant predictors of livelihood strategy in the study area. Thus, livelihood is moderately diversified among the rural households of Kebbi State with households having more than one income source. Also, diverse income sources provide relief to rural households as it increases their total income where the majority of the rural households combine both agricultural and non-farm activities livelihood strategies. Policymakers should therefore give due attention by incorporating projects and/or any interventions that will target and engage rural household heads in the study area in income-generating activities that would augment present earnings.
Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2021
The study analyzed livelihood diversification among rural farming households in Vandeikya local government area of Benue State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to; describe the socioeconomic characteristics of farming household in the study area; describe the non-farm livelihoods activities engaged by the farming households in the study area, determine the extent of diversification of farming households, determine the factors influencing livelihood diversification by farming households and identify the constraints to livelihood diversification amongst farming household in the study area. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a total number of 192 respondents for the study. Data for the study was garnered using a structured questionnaire designed in line with the objectives of the study. Analysis of the data was done using descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions, percentages and mean as well as Logit regression. Findings revealed the mean age of the farmers to be 40 years with the males constituting the greater percentage (84%) of the respondents. The result also revealed that 76% of the respondents were married with an average household size of 8 persons and an average farm size of 2.5 hectares. The result further shows that the majority (62%) of the respondents had only primary education with an average farming experience of 9 years. The majority (93%) of farmers affirmed that they had no access to credit to finance their production activities. The farmers earned a mean annual farm income of N33518 in the study area. Greater percentage (68%) of the respondents acquired their farmlands through inheritance. Results also showed that trading, sales of cooked food and local drinks, Casual labour supply and civil service/ private salary jobs were identified as the non-farm livelihood strategies mostly adopted by the households and accounted for 62%, 33%, 30% and 28% respectively. The level of livelihood diversification in the study area was moderate as the majority of the respondents (74%) diversified into only two income sources. The result of logit regression shows that the decision to diversify from agriculture to other livelihood means was influenced by age, educational status, membership of cooperatives, access to credit and annual farm income. The leading constraints to livelihood diversification were lack of capital (31%), lack of non-farm livelihood enterprises (20.3%), infrastructural problem (17%), government policies on use of some natural resources (14.5%) and gender issues (11%). The study recommends the extension of financial institutions to the rural people to enable them have access to credit for agriculture and other income generating enterprises. Appropriate policies and strategies for the development of rural infrastructure based on the current rural livelihood situation should be formed and implemented.
Livelihood diversification and its determinants on rice farming households in Ogun State, Nigeria
African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2019
This study assesses the nexus between livelihood diversification, technology adoption and food security status among rice farm households in the Ogun State. A multistage sampling technique was used to select two Agricultural Development Programme zones (Ikenne and Abeokuta zones) in the state. Purposive selection of two blocks per zone based on the concentration of rice farmers was done. Six farming cells were randomly selected from each block making a total of twenty-four (24) farming cells, seven rice farmers were randomly selected from each farming community giving a sample size of 168 rice farmers. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Out of the 168-questionnaire administered, 158 of it was gotten and used for the study. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Simpson index for livelihood diversification and logit regression model. From the results, the age group 36-45 years is the modal category with 32.9% which was followed by 26-35 years with 27.9 percent. A large percentage (32.9) of the farmers had no formal education, 40.5 percent had school certificate, 20.3 percent had primary education, while 6.3 percent had tertiary education. Most farmers in the study area had extension agent at least once in every two months. The coefficients of age and education were found to be significant with the age carrying negative sign. It was concluded that rice farmers education in the study area was one of the major factors needed to improve their skills on other form of livelihood in order to enhance their well-being. It was recommended that young people should be encouraged to diversify their livelihood. The farmers should be educated on ways to diversify their livelihood. Credit facilities should be made available for the farm household either by the government or private parastatals to enhance farming activities. Production assets of the rice farmers in the study area should be improved on.
Diversification of livelihoods is a recurrently applied approach for cushioning economic and environmental shocks on the path to improving food security. Therefore, this study was conducted to empirically analyse the effect of livelihood diversification, on the food security status of the rural farming households. The study was conducted in Udi local government area, Enugu state, Nigeria. The study drew a sample of 60 rural households through a multi-stage random sampling technique. Data obtained were analysed using food security index, tobit regression model and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The two-third mean per capital monthly food expenditure (food security line) for the entire household was ₦1,430.18. More than half (55%) of the sampled households were food insecure. The tobit regression result indicated that the household size, farm size, gender, age and dependency ratio were found to have significant effect in determining diversification of the farming households livelihood sources. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient obtained for the diversification index (0.61) was positive and significant at 1 percent level of probability. Policy implications were drawn for birth control, poverty alleviation programs which would enhance their livelihood diversification activities, and the creation of sustainable off-farm and non-farm employment opportunities.
2017
This paper examined livelihood diversification as a survival strategy and a means to escape food insecurity among rural farm households in Abia state. Although still of central importance, farming on its own is increasingly unable to provide a sufficient means of survival in rural areas thus necessitating the need for diversification. Food security condition was not much improved as about 67% of the households were unable to meet their daily food energy requirement with 8% of relative deficiency. The logit regression result showed that diversification was influenced by household size, amount of credit received, education of the household head, cooperative membership and monthly income while food security status was influenced by years of education of household head, credit access, monthly income, age of household head and household size. Rural farmers should be encourage to participate in varied income generating activities in both agriculture and nonagricultural ventures to enhance...