Loyal to the South: Nativism and Anti-Catholicism in the Nineteenth Century South (original) (raw)
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USURJ: University of Saskatchewan Undergraduate Research Journal, 2018
In the centuries following the Protestant Reformation, religion was a point of contention between Catholic and Protestant nations. These contentions are reflected in literature that was produced during colonial disputes between opposing Catholic and Protestant imperial regimes. Academics including Johnathan Clark have described the significance of religion in times of warfare, in spurring the support of the masses and providing a rallying cry for troops. Scholars that study 18 th-century conflicts in North America, including the Seven Years' War, often do not consider the significance of religious affiliations in this age of empire. Despite this lack of attention, in the years leading up to and including the Seven Years' War, British North American settlers employed anti-Catholic rhetoric to demonize their French Catholic neighbours to the north. This article considers published letters, sermons, and legislation from the mid-to late-18 th century in order to describe how terms including "papist" and "catholic" became synonymous with "French" in the North American context. These texts suggest that the Seven Years' War was conceived as divinely ordained and justified by British settlers as the defense of Protestantism in North America. Protestant denominations overlooked the differences that had historically divided them in the face of this common French Catholic "enemy."
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In San Francisco during the 1870s, conflicts over public schools, immigration, and the bounds of citizenship exacerbated long-simmering tensions between Protestants and Catholics. A surging anti-Catholic movement in the city-never before studied by scholars-marked Catholics as racially and religiously inferior. While promising to unite, anti-Catholicism actually exposed splits within Protestant San Francisco as it became utilized by opposing sides in debates over the place of racially marked groups in church and society. Considered neither fully white nor fully Christian, many Irish Catholics in turn demonized Chinese immigrants to establish their own credentials as patriotic white Christians. By the early 1880s the rising anti-Chinese movement had eclipsed tensions between Catholics and Protestants, creating new coalitions around Christian whiteness rather than broad-based interracial Protestantism.
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Dr. Mackey never hesitated to answer questions, read drafts of my work, write recommendation letters for scholarships, or to chat about history, historiography, the academy, politics, or life after graduate school. I owe Dr. Mackey my sincerest gratitude for guiding me through the process of writing this thesis and for improving its arguments and prose along the way. In addition to Dr. Mackey, I thank Dr. A. Glenn Crothers for encouraging me to pursue the topic and for agreeing to serve as the second reader on my thesis committee. Dr. Jasmine Farrier also deserves recognition for serving as the third reader and for agreeing to join the committee late during the semester. I also want to thank other members of the University of Louisville Department of History, especially those who served on the Graduate Committee and awarded me a Graduate Teaching Assistantship during the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 academic years. v The GTA position afforded me the opportunity to gain post-secondary teaching experience as well as provided a generous stipend that allowed me to focus on research and writing. Furthermore, I want to recognize Drs. Malissa Taylor and John McLeod, both of whom accepted me as a teaching assistant and served as valuable mentors. As I have learned during the final weeks of my graduate career, the reading, research, and writing components of the M.A. degree often constitute the "easy parts" of the process. Completing paperwork, organizing committees and defense dates, and formatting the thesis to the required style have produced several "hiccups and headaches." Fortunately for me and my classmates, Dr. Daniel Krebs, Director of Graduate Studies, and Lee Keeling, Senior Program Assistant, offered timely and invaluable assistance throughout the process. In fact, I doubt any department has a more efficient and accommodating administrative duo than the Department of History. Robin Carroll and Lee Keeling have been remarkable in helping me allocate funding for research trips and ensuring that I adhered to all required deadlines during the last two years. I also thank Lee for her "motherly" attributes and regular treats. In addition to the faculty and staff in the department, members of my cohort-especially Hannah O'Daniel[s], Benjamin Gies, and Eric Brumfield-helped make my experience worthwhile and enjoyable. Together we learned much about history and historiography, engaged in thought-provoking political discussions, and shared an inordinate number of laughs but not enough beers. I would not have succeeded at the University of Louisville without the guidance and tutelage I received while earning my B.A. in History at Murray State University. Drs. Duane Bolin and James Humphreys, and Mr. Ted F. Belue have and continue to be great friends, teachers, and mentors. In particular, Dr. Humphreys encouraged me to vi pursue graduate studies in History, seek publication opportunities, and present papers at academic conferences. I thank him for his guidance and for helping me "build a C.V." before beginning graduate work. In writing this thesis, I have relied on several professionals outside of the academy, particularly staff members at The Filson Historical Society, the Kentucky Historical Society,