Hilalid’s and marinid’s: studying political relations between arabian and berberian tribes in maghrib in medieval centuries (original) (raw)
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Differences between Berber and Arab groups in the Conquest of Al Andalus, 8th century Translated from: Diferencias entre grupos bereberes y arabes en la Conquista de al Andalus siglo VIII, 2023
The purpose of the present investigation is to enlighten a conjunctural moment in the history of the Iberian Peninsula/ al-Andalus: the Muslim conquest by arab-berber groups in 711. In the scope of this study, differentiating the berber element from the arab element will be sought, understanding that this delimitation is fundamental to a satisfactory interpretation of the development of the events unleashed with this invasion and the observable processes within the first decades of the conquest. With that in mind the performance of specific but key figures, already considered classic, found in contemporary historic sources as well as in later ones, along with what historiographic interpretations tell about them will be analyzed. It will also be analyzed the conditions in wich the first steps of the so-called Reconquista where given, the importance of the Arab-Berber groups inner conflicts that determine weekness moments in the recently conquered territories allowing spaces fit to territorial recovery incursions given in the analyzed period. In order to attain this aim previous and recent investigations as long as classic historiographical texts are drawn to interpret this history, which is not only about the actual Spain and includes conjunctural moments of the French and the North African history as well. Anthropologic approaches will be used to provide an interdisciplinary frame to the present investigation. Key words: al-Andalus, conquest, arabs, berbers, Tarif, Tariq, Musa, clan, State, Reconquest
Orientalistica, 2021
The indigenous population of North Africa was represented by various Berber tribes, most of which belonged to three large genealogical confederations - Ṣanhāja, Zenāta and Maṣmūda. The question, which the author of the present research examines, is the origin of the Ṣanhāja tribe, its ethnicity and possible ties with Arab tribes that migrated from territories of modern Yemen in the early Islamic period. This work reveals a range of problems associated with the authenticity of sources, the availability of copies, authors, translations. The medieval history of the Maghreb and Berber tribes is a promising, however, still insufficiently studied field for research. Understanding a recon- struction of the historical process, its features, ambiguity, and methodology in the light of the undertaken research appears to provide a necessary basis for formation of a correct approach to the study of sources. This article discusses the issue of historical authenticity and the genealogy of ...
Der Islam, 2023
The fiscal tradition concerning the taxation of the "Christians of the Banū Taġlib" is attributed to a ṣulḥ settled by caliph ʿUmar b. al-Ḫaṭṭāb about a doubling of the social contribution of Muslims called ṣadaqa in return for their waiver of baptizing their children. This contribution analyses the timeline of the emergence of this case in the Abbasid literature. By studying the isnād analysis on which fiscalists relied, beginning with the Grand Qāḍī Abū Yūsuf (d. 182/798), we suggest a new theme at the end of the 8th century CE. It was connected to the rise of both the ethnic complex of "arabness" and the tribal genealogical conceptions, to which all the issues of the ṣadaqa levying, the social bonds with Christian Arabs and finally the category of the Banū Taġlib itself were linked. Moreover, Miaphysite ecclesiology seems to confirm a consistent timeline. In order to explain this late inrush, two events of ca. 153/770 and 171/787, respectively from the Syrian-Orthodox and the Arab-Muslim literatures, refer first to the migration and second to the anti-ṣadaqa revolt of pastoralists and farmers from Taġlib within the hinterland of Mosul. The second occurrence takes place amidst many local tribal, khariji and perhaps foremost anti-fiscal insurgencies. Indeed, this peculiar Mosulian tribe formation dynamic is intertwined by State irruption between al-Mahdī's founding of Rāfiqa ca. 154/772 and Hārūn's strong renewed interest for northern Iraq and the Jazira during the 170/790. Yet, the main factor of State building at this time was the development of a new set of taxation on agricultural incomes of (Muslim) Arabs, called ṣadaqat al-māl or zakat, whose first traces are attested in Middle Egypt during the late Marwānid period. The highly contemporary Zuqnīn Chronicle bears witness of its extension into Upper Mesopotamia a generation later, but also of its ex officio settlement (taʿdīl) as a nonproportional (ʿalā misāḥa) and in cash tax, exactly the same as for the properties of the (Christian) Syrians. Both rural landlords petitioned against this system during the following decades to switch to a proportional (muqāsama) and in kind method of taxation. This resistance, the anti-ṣadaqa revolt of the Taġlib in 171/787 perhaps being decisive, transformed the kharāj on the Muslims into a tenth (ʿushr). As it was possible to double it to convert it into kharāj, the ṣadaqa as kharāj was doubled for Christian Arabs of northern Iraq, and therefore Abū Yūsuf testifies that the same system could be extended to every kind of Christian taxpayer.
Asinag 18, 2023
In this paper, we make an update on the studies of Amazigh settlement in al-Andalus, with special attention to the upper Andalusian Frontier. For this purpose, we review the existing bibliography and the sources in order to compare the results with our knowledge of medieval settlement. In this way, we try to answer questions such as: is there a genuine Amazigh settlement pattern in al-Andalus, can we establish differences between the Berber material culture and the rest of the ethnocultural components of al-Andalus, why Amazigh toponyms are only found in certain regions.
To cite this article: Cyrille Aillet (2012): L'aventure ibadite dans le Sud tunisien: Effervescence d'une région méconnue, Al-Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean, 24:1, 113-114 To link to this article: http://dx.