News from the “5th international meeting on inflammatory bowel diseases” CAPRI 2010 (original) (raw)
Related papers
A Review on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Recent Molecular Pathophysiology Advances
Biologics: Targets and Therapy
Inflammatory bowel diseases are considered immune disorders with a complex genetic architecture involving constantly changing endogenous and exogenous factors. The rapid evolution of genomic technologies and the emergence of newly discovered molecular actors are compelling the research community to reevaluate the knowledge and molecular processes. The human intestinal tract contains intestinal human microbiota consisting of commensal, pathogenic, and symbiotic strains leading to immune responses that can contribute and lead to both systemic and intestinal disorders including IBD. In this review, we attempted to highlight some updates of the new IBD features related to genomics, microbiota, new emerging therapies and some major established IBD risk factors.
Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology, 2012
In Crohn's Disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the major manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), genetically predisposed individuals develop chronic intestinal inflammation in response to environmental stimuli, which are mainly derived from luminal flora. Intestinal responses to luminal flora breaching the intestinal barrier require cytokine-regulated activation of elements of innate and acquired immunity, leading to a targeted and contained inflammatory response. Recent population-based genetic analyses have identified polymorphisms in specific genes relevant to pathways critical for inflammatory signalling and cellular response to stress as carrying increased risk for the development of either CD or UC. Specifically, key mediators of apoptosis and autophagy are implicated in the genetic vulnerability to IBD. Patients with IBD have a compromise of their intestinal barrier integrity, as do their first-degree relatives even in the absence of clinical disease, underscoring the critical nature of barrier integrity in the prevention of aberrant immune responses to intestinal flora. Here we explore the relationships between two of the key proinflammatory cytokines mediating intestinal inflammation in IBD, TNF-α and IFNγ, and the mechanisms by which they regulate epithelial apoptosis and intestinal barrier. Specifically we review factors regulating the balance between pro-and antiapoptotic stimuli resulting from the activation of NF-κB and Aktdependent signalling by proinflammatory cytokines, as well as the influence of oxygen tension and nutritional factors on these pathways.
Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology, 2014
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) is complex, and our knowledge on the topic is constantly growing. The two disorders are distinct, yet overlap in their clinical manifestations and underlying causes. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the numerous pathogenetic factors that can lead to the development of IBD, focusing on novel findings and on the differences between UC and CD. Recent advances in genetics have identified new components in the pathogenesis, as an example, the importance of Th17 lymphocytes and the IL-17/IL-23 pathway have been highlighted in both diseases, apart from the previously known Th1-Th2 driven processes. Genetic background of increased permeability has been explored in UC, and the role of defective autophagy was recently described in CD. Genetic alterations can lead to an exaggerated immune response to the resident microbial flora. This microflora is altered in IBD patients, probably due to their reduced ability to stabilize its bacterial components and due to different environmental factors. An exhaustive exploration of environmental factors is particularly important, as they can be influential in many cases. The impact of smoking is the most established environmental factor, having deleterious effects in CD and protective in UC. Recent opinions on other factors, such as early appendectomy, diet, reduced vitamin D levels, the use of specific medications, breastfeeding, personal hygiene and psychological factors are also discussed. Epigenetics, a new field of research, links environmental factors to genetics. Understanding these factors is of great significance as changing lifestyles and improving life circumstances have started to increase the prevalence of IBD also in developing countries.
Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Basic Science in the Light of Real-World Epidemiology
Gastrointest. Disord., 2019
Major advances in the last few decades have favored the view of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as a disease of hyper-or, more often, paradoxical hyporesponsiveness of the gut-associated immune system. The relevant pivot seems to be the loss of the balance between gut-associated pro-inflammatory lymphocytes and the indwelling microbiome species, with inner regulatory circuits (regulatory T-lymphocytes, T-reg) and outer factors (such as drugs, tobacco, diet components) contributing to complicate the matter. Light might be shed by the observation of the real-world IBD epidemiology, which may help unveil the factors that tend to cluster IBD cases to certain geographical areas. A transitional mind frame between bench and real-world gastroenterology could hopefully contribute to restrain the mounting epidemic of IBD in the Western world and to halt the more recent increases seen in many Eastern countries.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms in the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease
2011
The factors involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two major types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are summarized. Intestinal antigens composed of bacterial flora along with antigen presentation and impaired mucosal barrier have an important role in the initiation of IBD. The bacterial community may be modified by the use of antibiotics and probiotics. The dentritic cells recognize the antigens by cell surface Toll like receptor and the cytoplasmic CARD/NOD system. The balance between Th1/Th2/Th17 cell populations being the source of a variety of cytokines regulates the inflammatory mechanisms and the clearance of microbes. The intracellular killing and digestion, including autophagy, are important in the protection against microbes and their toxins. The homing process determines the location and distribution of the immune cells along the gut. All these players are potential targets of pharmacological manipulation of disease status.
A Comprehensive Review: Inflammatory Bowel Disease And Its Global Perspective
Journal of advanced zoology, 2024
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), represents a persistent gastrointestinal inflammatory condition. Initially labeled as a "Western disease," IBD was predominantly associated with Western lifestyles, but a shift in dietary and lifestyle patterns has led to a noticeable rise in Asian populations. The global prevalence of IBD reached 6.8 million cases in 2017, with a subsequent decrease to 4.9 million cases in 2019, showcasing a dynamic occurrence. The multifactorial pathogenesis involves genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and an aberrant immune response to the gut microbiota. IBD is classified into CD, affecting any part of the gastrointestinal tract, and UC, limited to the colon and rectum. A third category, IBD-unspecified (IBD-U), is utilized when the inflammation's origin is unclear. Complications, including strictures, fistulas, and colorectal cancer, emphasize the disease's severity. Treatment options range from aminosalicylates to biologics, with emerging therapies and a focus on the mucosal antibacterial barrier offering potential advancements. Global healthcare organizations, recognizing IBD as a global ailment, aim to summarize epidemiological patterns to guide interventions. In study on global burden of disease 40 million cases were reported, prevalence of more than 1 percent of total global incidence has been seen worldwide, 41.00 thousand deaths, and 1622.50 thousand DALYs globally in 2019. While advancements have been made, further research is crucial to improve prevention and treatment strategies. The shift in the pathogenic focus towards mucosal antibacterial barriers presents a potential avenue for future developments, offering hope for enhanced outcomes and improved quality of life for individuals affected by IBD.