Susceptibility of Mango cultivars against larvae of Mango midge Procontarinina mangicola Shi (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera) (original) (raw)
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Monitoring and Varietal Preference of Mango Midge, Procontarinia mangicola (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
The current study was planned to evaluate the efficiency of colored sticky traps and plastic sheets in capturing adults and larvae of Procontarinia mangicola, respectively. The susceptibility of different varieties of mango against P. mangicola was also explored. Amongst the eight types of color traps, orange colored traps captured the highest number (145.6±19.7/trap) of P. mangicola adults while white-colored traps captured the lowest numbers (23.7±3.4/trap). The peak adult and larval population was observed on February 11, 2010 (138.9±25.4/m2) and March 2, 2010 (216.9±24.9/m2), respectively. The highest numbers of galls were recorded on Sufaid Chaunsa (2.91±0.2/leaf) followed by Dusehri (2.8±0.2/leaf), Ratol (2.3±0.2/leaf) and Kala Chaunsa (1.74±0.2/leaf). Maximum numbers of larvae were obtained under the canopy of Sufaid Chaunsa (25.6±3.9/m2), followed by Dusehri (22.4±3.7/m2), Ratol (10.3±1.3/m2) and Kala Chaunsa (8.6±0.7/m2). The highest numbers of galls/leaf and larvae/trap recorded on Sufaid Chaunsa indicated that it was the most preferred mango variety. The research findings will be helpful for the proper management of P. mangicola and to avoid losses to the mango industry.
African Entomology, 2013
Mango gall fly (Procontarinia matteiana Kieffer & Cecconi, 1906) is an orchard pest that infests flush leaves of mango, forming wart-like structures on the leaves. Serious outbreaks may result in reduced fruit yield. A natural parasite (Chrysonotomyia pulcherimma Kerrich, 1970) of the gall fly lays its eggs inside the gall and the larvae feed on the gall fly. Mango cultivars present varying susceptibilities to gall fly infestation, with cultivars ranging from completely resistant, highly susceptible to intermediate stages where pseudo-galls are formed. The latter cultivars are ovipositioned by the gall fly, but secondary metabolites within the leaves possibly halt the development, thereby preventing the development of true galls. Microscopy was used to identify characteristic features of the gall fly and its parasite inside the gall, to study the development of the insects and to distinguish them. Evidence was obtained that the use of insecticides curbs the development of the larvae. Tissue development within true and pseudo-galls was studied to provide insights into the role of secondary plant metabolites in arresting true gall formation. This study will contribute to a more holistic approach to pest management of mango.
A review of the pest management situation in mango agroecosystems
Phytoparasitica, 1998
Integrated pest management programs for mango must be based on sampling and on economic thresholds, and must take into account the effects of cultural practices, horticultural sprays and disease control on pest and natural enemy interactions. An analysis of the mass of information avadable on the different mango pests, viz., fruit flies (Bactrocera sp., Ceratitis sp., Anastrepha sp.), mango seed weevil (Sternochetus mangiferae), thrips (Frankliniella spp.), gall midges (Procontarinia sp.), scales, mites and mealybugs is given, as well as different examples for Iuture entomological research.
Evaluation of different insecticides against mango midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Journal of entomology and zoology studies, 2017
The present study was conducted to evaluate insecticides for the control of mango midges under field conditions. Four insecticides: Bifenthrin (100 g/L EC), Nitenpyram (100 g/L SL), Emamectin Benzoate (14.2 g/L EC) and Imidacloprid (200 g/L SL) were evaluated for it efficacy to reduce the larval population and the development of new galls. The results showed that the maximum reduction in the larval population was recorded in Nitenpyram insecticide showed (87.97%) mortality and the minimum larval mortality was recorded in Emamectin benzoate with (71.31%). The infestation of midges continues after treatment but the Bifenthrin treated trees showed least development of galls from 0.27±0.81 to 1.16±0.27% and the maximum development of gall recorded in Imidacloprid and Nitenpyram treated trees which showed same development of galls in all seven weeks. These findings can be helpful in effective management of mango gall midges.
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2016
Since 2005, mango has been damaged by a group of new pests, the gall midges, in all mango-growing areas of Pakistan. Little is known about these pests in Pakistan. In this report, we present information on the occurrence, damage patterns, methods for monitoring, and management of Procontarinia mangiferae (Felt), a mango gall midge found in the country. At the study site (Rahim Yar Khan, a district of the province Punjab, Pakistan), the pest was active from January/February to April as eggs, larvae, and adults on mango inflorescence buds, branches (axillaries), and immature fruits. Females of P. mangiferae oviposited in inflorescence tissues, and larvae, after feeding on plant tissues, dropped to the soil under the mango trees for pupation from February to April. Mango trees in commercial orchards were more heavily damaged by P. mangiferae than were isolated trees in farmer fields (66.7%). The adults of P. mangiferae were captured on sticky traps of all tested colors, and were in flight from January to May. Captures per trap were highest on yellow traps, followed by green, blue, and clear traps. Control of mango gall midge was effectively provided by the synthetic insecticide bifenthrin (Talstar 10 EC) and also by application of neem seed kernel extract on the tree canopy if integrated with raking the soil under the mango tree canopy.
Incidence of Mango Midge and Its Control in Different Mango Growing Countries of the World
About 260 species of insects and mites have been recorded as minor and major pests of mango. Mango midge (Erosomya indica) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) has become a major pest of mango and is found in all mango growing countries of the world. Sixteen species of midges are known to attack mango in Asia where this plant is indigenous. The midge infests and damages the crop at three different stages. No definite control measure has yet proved satisfactory; Cultural, Chemical and Biological control have been adopted. Integrated pest management can prove better to control the deleterious pest. The objective of this paper was to review the work done on mango midge and to find out the present situation of this fatal insect in mango growing areas with special emphasize on its control measures.
Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2002
A gall midge species producing circular blisters on mango leaves was found in 2000 at Tamagusuku Village on Okinawa Island, Japan. This gall midge is identified as Procontarinia mangicola (Shi), and was originally placed in the genus Erosomyia. Another species, Procontarinia schreineri Harris, described from Guam is newly synonymized with P. mangicola. By 2001, this gall midge was found on eight islands in Okinawa Prefecture. Heavily galled leaves fell to the ground much earlier than usual and mango trees with galled leaves had almost no inflorescences, resulting in low yields of mango fruit. We consider that the gall midge adults might be dispersed by wind or that the larvae could be transported with soil or other substrates covering the roots of mango plants in nurseries. We also provide some comments on control measures that may be used against this gall midge.
Journal of Life Sciences, 2015
Fruit flies are serious pests of Mango in Sudan; they cause substantial damage to Mango production, both qualitatively and quantitatively. This study is an effort to establish information about the pest and, to test the susceptibility of some Mango cultivars (Baladi, Kitchener, Shendi, Alphons, Abu Samaka and Bit abusamaka) to the pest infestation. A survey was carried out at Shendi area, River Nile State, during the period of May 2007 to July 2008, using a home made trap resemble lynfield traps with attractants (Methyl eugenol, Trimedlure, cue lure and Nu lure) to identify the fruit flies species found in the area and to study the seasonal abundance of the pest species and to determine the infestation percentage of different Mango cultivars. Results indicated that the fruit fly Bactrocera invadens is present all year-round in the study area, with population peak July to September. The study showed that Guava (Psedium guajava) represents the best alternative host for the pest. Abu samaka and Bit Abusa amaka mango cultivars were the most susceptible, with 100% infestation, followed by Shendi 70%, Kitchener 54%., Alphons and Baladi (30%, 28%, respectively) were the least susceptible. Also results revealed that females of both species Ceratitis cosyra and Bactrocera invadens out numbered males 4-5 times.
Mango Resistance to Fruit Flies. I Varietal Selection and Mechanisms of Resistance
Acta Horticulturae, 2009
A broad variability exists among varieties of Mangifera indica for fruit flies resistance. There are varieties with less than 10% infested fruits and others with almost 100% infestation. It is demonstrated that resistance to fruit flies is compatible with fruit quality and productivity and varietal selection for resistance to fruit flies is viable and should be one of the objectives of all mango breeding programmes. The mechanisms of resistance were investigated. When fruits of resistant and susceptible mango varieties were confined in a cage with adult fruit flies, the field behavior of these varieties was repeated and confirmed. Oviposition attempts of the female adult flies on resistant and susceptible varieties observed under cage conditions, demonstrated that non preference for oviposition is an important mechanism of resistance of mango to fruit flies and it is positively correlated with the number of pupae developed. When eggs of Ceratitis capitata were artificially inserted directly into the fruit pulp of a resistant variety, the resistance was broken. The results indicate that the main factors of resistance of mangoes to fruit flies are in the fruit peel and not in the fruit pulp.