Conducting Polymers: Properties and Applications (original) (raw)
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Synthesis and Characterization of Conducting Polymers: A Review Paper
2014
Polymers are long chains of repeating chemical units called monomers. They share several characteristics including macro and micro properties, electrical transport properties, semiconducting properties and optical properties. Polymers can be synthesized by chemical and electrochemical polymerization. Polymers prepared through these methods can also be characterized by their electrical, optical, mechanical and electrochemical means.
There are over 100 conducting polymers which have been synthesised by chemists with a wide range of specific electrical conductivities. Many of these polymers are suitable for electronic device fabrication. Semi-conducting and conducting polymers have potential for application in several areas. In this paper electronic and microwave properties are explored. Fabrication of electronic and microwave devices can be achieved with these special polymers which are not possible with say silicon or gallium arsenide. Wide area flexible electronic junctions can be fabricated. Polymers have low density, hence conductivity to weight ratio can be higher than metals. Optical transparency together with electrical conduction has been achieved.
Conducting Polymers: Concepts and Applications
Journal of Atomic, Molecular, Condensate and Nano Physics, 2018
The developments in the field of electrically conducting polymers have grown very rapidly since the discovery and there is a very sharp increase in conductivity when intrinsically insulating organic conjugated polymers are doped with oxidizing and reducing agents. An overview of technological developments involving conducting polymers clearly indicates that the field expands at unprecedented rates. The manuscript first introduces the conducting polymers (CPs), conducting mechanism, concepts of doping and briefly introduces main applications. Different types of CPs, their unique properties and synthesis is discussed. The present review will help the effective implementation of conducting polymers in different fields, which directly depends on the degree of understanding of their behaviour and properties.
Conducting Polymers and their Applications
Current Physical Chemistrye, 2012
This review article focuses on conducting polymers and their applications. Conducting polymers (CPs) are an exciting new class of electronic materials, which have attracted an increasing interest since their discovery in 1977. They have many advantages, as compared to the non-conducting polymers, which is primarily due to their electronic and optic properties. Also, they have been used in artificial muscles, fabrication of electronic device, solar energy conversion, rechargeable batteries, and sensors. This study comprises two main parts of investigation. The first focuses conducting polymers (polythiophene, polyparaphenylene vinylene, polycarbazole, polyaniline, and polypyrrole). The second regards their applications, such as Supercapacitors, Light emitting diodes (LEDs), Solar cells, Field effect transistor (FET), and Biosensors. Both parts have been concluded and summarized with recent reviewed 233 references.
Synthesis of conducting polymers and their characterization
2010
Nanostructures of conducting polymer (polypyrrole) have been fabricated by chemical synthesis using non-galvanic method within the pores of polycarbonate membrane. Polycarbonate (Makrofol KG) foil of thickness 10 µm and diameter 100 nm having flux 10 5 /cm 2 purchased from Whatman, UK has been used as template for the fabrication of polypyrrole nanostructures. The morphology of the structures has been studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Conducting Polymer Electronics
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures
Before conducting polymers can be employed in many applications, some of the intrinsic properties of these materials need to be better understood. An overview of the research and development of conducting polymers being undertaken at UTS is presented. Because conducting polymers are difficult to process once fabricated, an understanding of synthesis parameters and the use of synthesis techniques to produce conducting polymer films with desired properties is of the upmost importance. Descriptions of the galvanostatic and potentiostatic techniques employed to produce polyheterocyclics are presented. Thermal properties such as thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and specific heat are being investigated. Preliminary results reveal that the thermal diffusivity of polypyrrole is higher than that achieved with traditional polymers. The nature of contacts and junctions with polypyrrole and poly(3-methylthiophene) are discussed. High work function metals form ohmic junctions with polypyrrole while aluminium forms a Schottky barrier with poly(3-methylthiophene). Microwave studies on polypyrrole films reveal that the microwave transmission and reflection are dependent upon the doping level of the film. Applications of the conducting polymers in data security modules and for light weight electrically conducting wires are also illustrated.
Comparison of microwave and electrical properties of selected conducting polymers
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2008
waveguides in a plane, we reduce the coupling between each other. The results obtained let us consider different possibilities using this architecture to perform planar antennas with specific features. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research work is been supported by a Spanish Government Grant (FPU) and by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology under Grant AIMS (TEC2005-05 3 1 0/TCM). The simulations presented in this work have been realized using CST Microwave Studio Suite 2006 under a cooperation agreement between Computer Simulation Technology (CST) and Technical University of Madrid. NY substrate used in the prototypes was kindly given by NELTEC S.A.
Microwave synthesis: An alternative approach to synthesize conducting end-capped polymers
Polymer, 2011
Within this study microwave assisted syntheses of functionalized polystyrene (PS), via ATRP, and tetraaniline (TANI) end-capped polymers are demonstrated. Compared to conventional heating, microwave irradiation process in pulsed mode shows the feasibility of conducting end-capped polymers synthesis with no degradation, strong acceleration of polymerization rate and coupling reaction, controlled size and chemical formulation. Conducting polymers with controlled architectures in terms of molecular size of both the insulating (PS) and the conducting (TANI) moieties show a conductivity above 10 À1 S cm À1 when containing 2 wt% TANI while composites of PS and TANI exhibited a conductivity of ca 10 À5 S cm À1 when containing more than 7 wt% TANI.
Advances in conductive polymers
European Polymer Journal, 1998
AbstractÐConductive polymers are a new class of materials which exhibit highly reversible redox behaviour and the unusual combination of properties of metal and plastics. The prospective utility of conductive polymers with a potent application in number of growing technologies in biomolecular electronics, telecommunication, display devices and electrochemical storage systems, etc. has further enhanced the interest of researchers in this novel area. An eort has been made in this article to present an updated review on the various aspects of conductive polymers, viz. synthesis of conductive polymers, doping, structure analysis and proposed utility for further study of the future scienti®c and technological developments in the ®eld of conductive polymers. #
Recent studies of heterocyclic and aromatic conducting polymers
Progress in Polymer Science, 1986
CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Polymerization and doping 2.1. Mechanism of conducting polymerization 3. Characterization of conducting polyheterocyclics and polyaromatics 3.1. Stability of polyheterocyclics and polyaromatics 3.2. Percentage of doping, molecular weight, mechanical properties and morphology of conducting polyheterocyclics and polyaromatics 3.3. Spectroscopy of heterocyclic and aromatic conducting polymers 3.3.1. Electrochemical spectroscopy of conducting polyheterocyclics and polyaromatics 3.3.2. Optical and ESR studies 3.3.3. t3C NMR and XPS studies 201 4. Mechanism of electrical conduction in doped polyheterocyclics and polyaromatics 202 5. Conducting copolymers 206 6. Application of doped polyheterocyclics and polyaromatics 208 6.1. Battery application 208 6.2. Photo-electrochemical cell (PEC) 6.3. Schottky barriers, solar cells and solid-state devices 210 6.4. Electro-optic devices 211 6.5. Sensors 6.6. Medicinal uses 213 6.7. Miscellaneous applications 214 7. Concluding remarks Acknowledgements 214 References