Effects of Two Plant Extracts on the Damage of Meloidogyne incognita in Tomato Plants (original) (raw)
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Nematicidal Activity of Plant Extracts Against the Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
The Open Natural Products Journal, 2009
Nematicidal activity of extracts from plants was assayed against Meloidogyne incognita. In laboratory assays extracts from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L), clove (Syzygium aromaticum L), betelvine (Piper betle L), and sweet flag (Acorus calamus L) were most effective in killing the nematode, with an EC 50 that was 5-10 times lower than the EC 50 of the synthetic pesticides chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan and deltamethrin. The shapes of the dead nematodes differed in a characteristic way, and groups of pesticides and plant extracts could clearly be distinguished based on this phenomenon, which may be an indicator for the modes of action of the tested pesticides. In a greenhouse bioassay clove bud and betelvine were tested as mulch. Experiments revealed that the total number of live nematodes on roots of pepper plants treated with mulch of the clove bud was 7% of that of the controls and did not differ significantly from that of plants treated with the recommended synthetic pesticide carbofuran. The application of clove buds as a botanical pesticide for future use against nematodes is highly promising since clove is the 6 th major plant grown on Bangka Island, and the market value of clove has decreased sharply over the last years.
NEMATICIDAL ACTIVITY OF ERITREAN WEED PLANTS AGAINST THE ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA
The nematicidal potential of ethanol and aqueous extracts of ten wild plant species distributed on agricultural land of Eritrea against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, was studied. Three concentrations of each plant extract were tested against egg hatching and mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita at 24, 48 and 72h exposure time. Significant mortality and egg hatching inhibition were observed with aqueous and ethanol extracts of Datura stramonium. Similar type of hatch inhibition also occurred with both types of extracts of Heliotropium indicum. From tested extracts, J2 mortality ranged from 8 to 100% for hot water extracts and 26 to 100% in for ethanol extracts. The nematotoxicity of the tested plants increased with an increase in concentration and exposure time and vice versa. The hot water and ethanol extracts of D. stramonium caused 75-100% mortality and 57-100% inhibition in egg hatch, respectively. This M. incognita juvenile mortality was 74-100% in the case of H. indicum. Among the tested extracts, hot water and ethanol extracts of Lantana camara and Xanthium strumarium, respectively, were least effective.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
The current experiment was performed to determine the nematicidal behaviour of aqueous extract of various weed plants viz., Parthenium hysterophorus, Cymbopogon citratus, Eichhornia crassipes, Monstera deliciosa and Tinospora cardifolia against hatching, mortality and penetration rate of Meloidogyne incognita under in vitro condition. The eggs and second stage juveniles were exposed to various concentrations (250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 μg/ml) for 5 days and 12, 24 and 48 h respectively. During the experiment, all plant extracts displayed nematicidal potential. Comparison of LC 50 values of different plant extracts showed that P. hysterophorus was found to be most effective with LC 50 664.9 μg/ml, while T. cardifolia was less effective at 48h of LC 50 1419.0 μg/ml. Aqueous extracts of P. hysterophorus at 2500 μg/ml was highly effective against hatching and mortality after 5 days and 72h exposure period respectively. Whereas T. cardifolia was found least effective. The macerated leaves of P. hysterophorus applied at 0.3 g/kg sand showed the lowest penetration of M. incognita in brinjal roots while T. cardifolia displayed highest after 3 and 5 days' post inoculation. This study suggests that aqueous extract of the selected plants having nematistatic and nematicidal properties that can be used for the management of M. incognita in an eco-friendly manner and sustainable agriculture.
Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 2016
Lethal effects of bitter wood, thyme and myrrh aqueous extracts were evaluated against Meloidogyne incognita at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% after 24h. and 48h. The results revealed that the mortality percent of M. incognita tended to with increasing the concentration. The effect of the three tested aqueous extracts slightly changed from 24 to 48 hours exposure. The probit analysis revealed that the heterogeneity of nematode response to myrrh was slightly higher than thyme and bitterwood. According to LC 95 , LC 50 and LC 05 thyme achieved 147.7, 44.75 and 13.57%, respectively after 24 and 48 hours, no significant differences was observed between LC 95 of thyme (107.4%) and bitterwood (122.7%) but both differed significantly from myrrh (182.3%).
Italian Journal of Agronomy
Hundreds of highly toxic chemical pesticides and their conventional unsafe formulations of varying toxicities are used extensively to control pests, diseases, and weeds to increase agricultural production. The use of bio or botanical pesticides, which have been found effective, safe, and eco-friendly, could possibly provide a viable solution. Thus, the development and production of environment-friendly botanical pesticides and their water-based formulations, to replace the highly toxic agro-chemicals and unsafe formulations, has gained significant importance towards developing appropriate strategies for crop protection. The present study was aimed to evaluate the nematocidal nature of the aqueous extracts of Allium sativum, Urtica dioica, Sophora mollis, Ephedra intermedia, and Tanacetum baltistanicum. For this purpose, the plant material was dried in shade and mechanically ground into a powder form. The methanolic extracts of each plant sample were obtained and further extracted in...
Industrial Crops and Products, 2013
Because of being costly and pernicious to the environment and human health, the use of nematicides has become prohibitive in many countries and the management of plant parasitic nematodes using antagonistic plants can be a very attractive alternative. In the present studies the effectiveness of aqueous extracts of Cannabis sativa and Zanthoxylum alatum was assessed on hatching, mortality and infectivity of Meloidogyne incognita at different concentrations viz. S, S:1, S:5, S:10, S:25, S:50 and S:100. Both the plants had significant effects on juvenile mortality and hatching inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. Mortality and hatching inhibition caused by C. sativa were significantly higher than that of Z. alatum. Time duration also affected mortality and hatching inhibition significantly. Significant inhibition in invasion of M. incognita juveniles on cucumber cv. Royal Sluis was observed by different treatments with extracts. M. incognita juveniles exposed to 'S' extracts of C. sativa and Z. alatum for 24 and 48 h caused no infection. Exposure for 12 and 6 h caused more than 95 and 90% reductions in infectivity of M. incognita juveniles respectively. Similarly, soil drench and root dip treatments also caused significant reductions in infection. Reduction in infectivity was found to be significantly higher with extracts of C. sativa as compared to Z. alatum and decreased in a dose-responsive manner. The results of the studies showed that the extracts of test plants, commonly found locally, possess high potentials for the control of root-knot nematodes and could be the possible replacement for synthetic nematicides.
Background and Objective: Root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita is a catastrophic phytonematodes parasite causing enormous losses to wild as well as cultivated crops particularly vegetables. The objective of the study was to evaluate the nematicidal activity of leaf extracts of six different weed viz., Argemone mexicana, Achyranthes aspera, Ricinus communis, Acalypha indica, Parthenium hysterophorus and Trianthema portulacastrum were tested for phytochemical examination and against egg hatching and mortality of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita under in vitro condition. Materials and Methods: Leaves of six weeds were thoroughly washed. Weigh 25 g leaf and grind in mortar and pestle with 75 mL of distilled water. The egg masses and second stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita were exposed to 24, 48 and 72 h in various concentrations (S, S/2, S/10, S/100) of leaf extracts of the six different weeds. Phytochemicals analysis of A. mexicana and A. aspera was done manually. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 17.00 software. Results: During the experiment, almost all the weeds species exhibited nematostatic as well as nematicidal potential. Leaf extracts of A. mexicana and A. aspera found to be highly toxic against the root-knot nematode. Standard concentration (S) of leaf extracts of A. mexicana and A. aspera showed highest hatching inhibition and J2 mortality of M. incognita. Conclusion: It is concluded that the inhibition of egg hatching and mortality of M. incognita juveniles may be due to the phytochemicals viz., alkaloids, flavanoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, phytosteroids and mucilage/gum present in the aqueous extract of the weeds. Egg inhibition and J2 mortality decreased with an increase in the dilution of all the extracts. There was a gradual decrease in egg hatching and increase in mortality rate of J2 of M. incognita with increasing in concentration of leaves extract and exposure time.
Meloidogyne incognita (KOFOID & WHITE) CHITWOOD
Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood was isolated as most predominant root-knot nematode from soil and the infected root samples of stunted tomato plants showed chlorosis. Root and shoot growth of five tomato verities was significantly reduced when inoculated with second stage infective larvae of M. incognita as compared to un-inoculated tomato varieties. M. incognita significantly reduced root length in tomato variety Anmol followed by Gola France and Sunehra as compared to un-inoculated tomato variety Roma Holland and Roma v.f. Root weight was also decreased in Sunehra followed by Roma Holland and Tomato Anmol than that of un-inoculated tomato variety Roma v.f., followed by Roma Holland. Shoot length was significantly increased in tomato variety Sunehra followed by Roma v.f. and Roma Holland and that was decreased in tomato Anmol as compared to un-inoculated tomato variety Roma Holland, Sunehra and Roma v.f. respectively. Shoot weight was significantly reduced in tomato variety Anmol inoculated with M. incognita as compared to Gola France, Roma v.f., and Sunehra than that of un-inoculated tomato varieties Roma v.f., Roma Holland and Anmol, respectively. The development of root galls and eggs formation were increased in all tomato varieties inoculated with M. incognita. Population of larvae and egg-laying females were also greater in all inoculated tomato varieties. Variation in multiplication of nematode in certain tomato was observed among varieties. The number of root-galls was significantly increased in tomato variety Roma v.f. followed by Roma Holland as compared to Gola France and Sunehra and that was decreased in tomato variety Anmol. The greater number of egg masses per root system was obtained in tomato variety Roma v.f. followed by Roma Holland and Gola France and minimum was recorded in Tomato Anmol, respectively. Maximum number of eggs per egg mass was found in tomato variety Roma v.f. followed by Roma Holland and Gola France as compared to Sunehra and Tomato Anmol. Number of larvae was significantly increased in tomato variety Roma v.f., Gola France followed by Roma Holland and that was decreased in Anmol. Population of egg-laying females of M. incognita was also increased in tomato variety Roma v.f. followed by Gola France and Roma Holland than that of tomato variety Sunehra and Tomato Anmol, respectively. However, the tomato varieties usually cultivated in Sindh are highly susceptible to root-knot nematode and thus provide substrate to build up the population of root-knot nematode in tomato field. These varieties should be replaced in order to reduce the population of root-knot nematode. The use of resistant varieties to manage the population of nematode is very cheep and an effective control of plant parasitic nematode but it require time and facilities to develop resistant varieties
Nematicidal effects of Azadirachta indica seed extract on Meloidogyne spp
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Root-Knot Nematodes (RKN) Meloidogyne spp. significantly affects glasshouse tomatoes in Central Greece. Elimination or halting 12s could be an efficient strategy to control RKN. Recently, it was reported that a commercial product of Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extract (Azadirachtin I % Emulsion Concentrate-EC) significantly reduced the number of galls on tomato roots and egg masses, compared to the untreated control. In the present study neem proved to have a direct immobilising effect on RKN J2s. Different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1,5,10,25 and 50%) of the tested neem product were applied with water containing fresh J2s and in soil naturally infected with RKN. Records of immobilised 125 were taken after 10 min, 1 h, 6 h, 24 hand 72 h of Neem application in water and after six days of neem application into the soil. Neem solution concentrations 5% and 10'%, resulted in 85% ± 3.2 and 100% of immobilised J2s. The same concentrations of neem when were added in the water for nematode extraction from the soil, resulted 14.25% ± 4.01 and 1.7%, of 12s extracted from the soil with a significant concentration effect (P 0.008), compared to the untreated control. However, the neem product at high application dose significant damage the tomato plants caused phytoxicity.
Turkish Journal of Entomology
Experiments were conducted in the laboratories and greenhouses of Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University in 2018 and 2019 to investigate the nematicidal effects of aqueous extracts of 13 spices on Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae). Spice extract concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2% were tested in laboratory experiments for inhibition of egg hatching, mortality and immobility of second-stage juveniles (J2s). When used at a concentration of 2%, clove, Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) caused the greatest immobility and mortality of J2s. The extracts had a lesser effect on J2s than the egg hatching. For the pot experiment, five effective spices extracts were selected based on the laboratory experiments. These extracts were applied at 2% to 200 g of soil inoculated with 3,000 nematode eggs then susceptible tomato seedlings were transplanted into the soil. Forty-five days after inoculation, the gall in...