Unusual clinicopathological findings in a dog with severe chronic generalized demodicosis: case report. (original) (raw)
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History: A 3 years old, Spayed female Pug dog was referred to the Skin and Allergy Clinic with the history of severe pruritus caused by chronic Atopic Dermatitis. History and physical examination were reviewed and repeated. Previous meds: Prednisolone. Flea and Food allergy were R/O. Dermatology examination: Gross: Multifocal alopecia, severe pruritus and folliculitis. The skin lesions: alopecia, erythematous, folliculitis, furunculosis, lichenification and mild to moderate hyperpigmentation of all 4 paws, ventral neck, ventral thorax and abdomen. The deep skin scrapings showed many and various stages of Demodex canis including eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults. The skin cytology revealed suppurative inflammation with degenerate neutrophils, moderate cocci bacteria, Malassezia, macrophages, eosinophils, and a few lymphocytes & plasma cells.
The immuno-pathological conversions of canine demodicosis
Veterinary Parasitology, 2014
Canine demodicosis is a common but exigent noncontagious parasitic dermatosis caused by overpopulation of the host-specific follicular mites of various Demodex species. Receptivity of dogs to demodicosis and progression of the clinical disease are influenced by numerous factors including; genetic defect, alteration of skin's structure and biochemistry, immunological disorders, hormonal status, breed, age, nutritional status, oxidative stress, length of hair coat, stage of oestrus cycle, parturition, endoparasitism and debilitating diseases. Of these, the immune status is thought to be the most significant. Thus, in the present review we intended to edify the immuno-pathological conversions of canine demodicosis. Generalized demodicosis requires a cutaneous environment that is ecologically and immunologically favorable for extreme colonization of demodectic mites. Demodex canis mites can down regulate the CD4+ T cells; possibly by an increased rate of apoptosis or immunological exhaustion of CD4+ T cells. An increased apoptosis of peripheral leukocytes confers progression of the clinical manifestations. Mites induced elevation of TGF- and inhibition of TNF-␣ mRNA expression might be a key factor for revealing the difference in the mechanism of onset between localized and generalized demodicosis. Moreover, an elevated serum level of IL-10 could be accountable for the recurrence as well as occurrence of demodicosis in dogs. Over production of reactive oxygen species can corroborate immunological discrepancies in dogs with demodicosis.
Clinical diagnosis in canine demodicosis. A new approach
Scientific Works. Series C. Veterinary Medicine, 2015
Canine demodicosis is caused by Demodex canis mite found in hair follicles. Demodicosis is a nonpruritic dermatosis which frequently becomes pustular by bacterial complications. The evolution of demodicosis as clinical disease takes different aspects, from dry to festering, from a manifestation of generalized or localized to one particular. According to current research, symptoms of demodicosis are constantly changing influenced by various favourable factors, an aspect that creates confusion in clinical approach and thus prevent correct diagnosis. In this context, the aim of the study was to bring current information on clinical diagnosis in canine demodicosis. The study was performed from September 2011 to December 2014, on a total of 187 dogs diagnosed with demodicosis microscopically. Clinical signs followed in this study were: erythema (”demodectic spots”), hair loss (”demodectic glasses”), follicular keratosis, hyperpigmentation, hyperseborrhea, pruritus. We also followed the e...
Therapeutic management of generalized demodicosis complicated with pyoderma in a dog
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies , 2018
Demodicosis is a common skin disease in canine patients. Once affected it is very difficult to cure and requires prolonged therapy. The dog was presented with a history of severe exudative skin lesions in the past three months. On general clinical examination, the physiological parameters were found to be within normal range. Examination of skin revealed generalized alopecia, macules, and erythematous exudating crusty lesions on all over the body. The deep skin scraping revealed the presence of Demodex canis mite. Impression smear from the lesions revealed presence of clusters of gram positive cocci. Culture and sensitivity test revealed the presence of gram positive cocci sensitive to Cotrimoxazole, Tetracycline, Gentamycin and Ceftriaxone. The dog was successfully treated with Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, Ivermectin, Amitraz, Benzyl peroxide, and other supportive therapy.
Diagnosis of canine demodicosis
2010
This paper briefly reviews the dermatological diagnosis, the examination of skin scrapings, as well as the interpretations of some molecular methods. The aim of the paper is to assess the value of the diagnosis methods and to establish whether correlating the results may lead to a rigorous diagnosis in canine demodicosis.
Immune mechanisms in human and canine demodicosis: A review
Parasite Immunology, 2019
Demodex mites are presumed to be saprophytic parasites of the mammalian skin, and animals including humans are usually carriers without any clinical signs of demodicosis. 1 The two Demodex species in humans, Demodex folliculorum and D brevis, are found ubiquitously in all human races without gender preference, but rarely in newborn and infrequently in children that suggests the main transmission is via physical contact. 2,3 D folliculorum is primarily found as a cluster in the hair follicle and is the predominant type in the face area, while D brevis possesses more wider distribution on the human body and found in the sebaceous gland. 2,4 In contrast, among the three Demodex species found in dogs, while the habitat of D canis and D injai are hair follicles and sebaceous glands, D cornei inhabits in stratum corneum of epidermis. 5,6 There have also been reports documenting cross-infections between humans and animals; however, the reliability of these rare case reports remains to be verified, due to the polymorphism reported in D canis and D folliculorum. 7-9 Clinical manifestations of demodicosis differ between humans and dogs; while it is not life-threatening in former, latter can suffer from fatal consequences. Nevertheless, since there is a close genetic relationship between D folliculorum and D canis, and demodicosis is highly prevalent in certain dog breeds while it is rarely reported in laboratory mice, dog studies are thought to provide valuable insights
Diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats
Veterinary Dermatology
Background-Demodicosis is a common disease in small animal veterinary practice worldwide with a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic options. Objectives-To provide consensus recommendations on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats. Methods and materials-The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available before December 2018. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. A draft of the document was presented at the North American Veterinary Dermatology Forum in Maui, HI, USA (May 2018) and at the European Veterinary Dermatology Congress in Dubrovnik, Croatia (September 2018) and was made available via the World Wide Web to the member organizations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for a period of three months. Comments were solicited and responses were incorporated into the final document. Conclusions-In young dogs with generalized demodicosis, genetic and immunological factors seem to play a role in the pathogenesis and affected dogs should not be bred. In old dogs and cats, underlying immunosuppressive conditions contributing to demodicosis should be explored. Deep skin scrapings are the diagnostic gold standard for demodicosis, but trichograms and tape squeeze preparations may also be useful under certain circumstances. Amitraz, macrocyclic lactones and more recently isoxazolines have all demonstrated good efficacy in the treatment of canine demodicosis. Therapeutic selection should be guided by local drug legislation, drug availability and individual case parameters. Evidence for successful treatment of feline demodicosis is strongest for lime sulfur dips and amitraz baths.
Journal of Comparative Pathology, 1999
This paper describes the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of the skin lesions in three dogs with leishmaniosis and generalized demodicosis. Diffuse alopecia, crusts, folliculitis and furunculosis, as commonly seen in generalized demodicosis, were prominent in all the dogs. Microscopically, there was a diffuse and perifollicular superficial and deep granulomatous dermatitis and, in two dogs, both Demodex canis mites and Leishmania spp. amastigotes were observed in the same lesions. Numerous Mac387 + macrophages were observed in the inflammatory infiltrates, but macrophages loaded with amastigotes were Mac387 − . In all cases, immunoreactive CD3 lymphocytes were sparse, both in the granulomatous and perifollicular infiltrates. There were numerous IgG + , IgG4 + -secreting plasma cells in areas of folliculitis and furunculosis and fewer IgG2 + , IgG3 + , IgA + and IgM +secreting plasma cells in the inflammatory infiltrate. In all cases, MHC Class II was expressed by the majority of dermal macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as by lymphocytes and fibroblasts. The paucity of CD3 + lymphocytes, usually abundant in D. canis lesions, points to leishmania-induced cell-mediated immunosuppression as a predisposing factor for generalized demodicosis.
Adult-onset demodicosis in two dogs due to Demodex canis and a short-tailed demodectic mite
Journal of Small Animal Practice, 1999
Infestation with a short-tailed demodectic mite and Demodex canis was diagnosed in both a six-and-a-half-year-old and a four-year-old dog. The clinical picture was compatible with generalised demodicosis complicated by staphylococcal pyoderma (case 1), or localised demodicosis (case 2). In both cases, the short-tailed demodectic mite outnumbered D canis in superficial skin scrapings. The laboratory findings (lymphopenia, eosinopenia, increased serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities, diluted urine and proteinuria) and the results of a low dose dexamethasone suppression test were suggestive of underlying hyperadrenocorticism in the first case. Hypothyroidism was considered a possibility in the second case, owing to the sustained bradycardia and the extremely low basal total thyroxine value. Systemic treatment with ivermectin and cephalexin (case 1), or topical application of an amitraz solution in mineral oil, along with sodium levothyroxine replacement therapy (case 2), resulted in a complete resolution of the skin lesions and the disappearance of both types of demodectic mite after two and one and a half months, respectively.