Household smoking practices of parents with young children, and predictors of poor household smoking practices (original) (raw)
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Strict Smoke-free Home Policies Among Smoking Parents in Pediatric Settings
Academic Pediatrics, 2013
Objective-To examine strict smoke-free home policies among smoking parents assessed in pediatric offices. Methods-We analyzed baseline parental survey data from 10 control practices in a national trial of pediatric office-based tobacco control interventions (Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure, CEASE). We used logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations to examine factors associated with strict smoke-free home policies. Results-Subjects were 952 parents who were current smokers. Just over half (54.3%) reported strict smoke-free home policies. Few reported being asked (19.9%) or advised (17.1%) regarding policies by pediatricians. Factors associated with higher odds of policies were child 5 years or younger (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53, 3.86), nonblack race/ ethnicity (aORs 2.17-2.60, 95% CIs 1.25-5.00), non-Medicaid (HMO/private (aOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.31, 2.58); self-pay/other aOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.12, 2.78); well-child versus sick child visit (aOR 1.61, 95% CI 1.11, 2.34), fewer than 10 cigarettes per day (aOR 1.80, 95% CI 1.31, 2.47), no other home smokers (aOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.26, 2.25), only father smoking (aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.06, 2.83), and strict smoke-free car policy (aOR 3.51, 95% CI 2.19, 5.64). Conclusions-Nearly half of smoking parents did not have strict smoke-free home policies. Parents were less likely to report policies if they were heavier smokers, black, living with other smokers, or attending a sick child visit; if they did not have a young child or smoke-free car
Smoking status among women in households with young children
Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses : JSPN
To identify sociodemographic and health related correlates of smoking status among women in households with young children. A secondary analysis of the 1992 California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System public-use data tape. Women (N = 520) in households with very young children (< or = 5 years of age). Current smoking status. Approximately 18% were current smokers; more than 40% smoked more than 10 cigarettes each day. A majority of smokers indicated a high level of nicotine addiction, but had plans to quit. Smoking prevalence varied by sociodemographic variables with higher rates for unmarried, less than college educated, and unemployed participants. Health status also was related to smoking, with higher rates among those with poor health and those limited in activities. Smoking is one way of coping with the stressors of daily life, including those associated with caring for young children. Special cessation efforts may be needed for the unemployed, the unmarried woman,...
Smoking Patterns of Household Members and Visitors in Homes With Children in the United States
Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 2002
Background: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), also called passive smoking, has been shown to have adverse effects on the health of children. Objective: To determine the prevalence and pattern of ETS exposure in US homes with children younger than 18 years. Design: We analyzed data from the 1994 National Health Interview Survey and Year 2000 Objectives supplement. A multistage sample design was used to represent the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Main Outcome Measures: Frequency of smoking by household residents and visitors in homes with children. Results: Thirty-five percent of children in the United States-21 million children-live in homes where residents or visitors smoke in the home on a regular basis (Ն1 d/wk). From the household perspective, regular smoking by residents and visitors occurs in 36% of homes in which children reside. In 92% of homes with children where residents smoke at home, they do so every day of the week. Sixteen percent of nonsmoking respondents with children report that other residents or visitors smoke in the home. In 6% of the homes where no residents smoke, there is nevertheless regular smoking by visitors. In multivariate regression analysis, the prevalence of regular smoking in homes with children varies by age of youngest child, race/ethnicity, number of parents in the home, parental educational level, income, and region of the country. Conclusions: Many children live in homes with ETS. Most respondents who smoke report that smoking occurs in the home every day. Visitors are an additional source of ETS in homes, including some homes where residents do not smoke. Clinicians who take care of children can advise parents, whether or not they smoke, on how to limit their children's ETS exposure.
The European Journal of Public Health, 2008
Fromme for the GME Study Group* Background: Few studies have analysed the impact of different socioeconomic indicators on the prevalence of children's environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure at several indoor environments and on family's home smoking policy. Methods: Data on 12 422 preschool children (48% female) from two cross-sectional surveys conducted during 2004-06 in Germany were analysed. Exposure assessment was based on parental report. Independent effects of socioeconomic indicators were determined by mutually adjustment in logistic regression analyses. Results: Low parental education, unemployment, low household equivalent income, non-German nationality, single-parent family and family size were independently associated with children's ETS exposure at home and in cars. The strongest associations were observed for low parental education [at home: adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.94; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.46-4.49; in cars: 5.00; 3.84-6.50]. Indicators of material living conditions (relative poverty: 0.48; 0.39-0.57, parental unemployment: 0.55; 0.46-0.65), as well as singleparent family, non-German nationality and family size, but not parental education, were independently associated with ETS exposure at hospitality venues. Smoking households with low parental education, unemployment, poverty, single-parent family and non-German nationality were less likely to have the rule of exclusively smoking on the balcony or terrace. Low parental education and unemployment were negatively associated with no smoking in presence of the child in households with smoking inside the flat. Conclusion: Several dimensions of socioeconomic position have to be considered in explanations of social inequalities in children's ETS exposure and family's home smoking policy as well as in development of targeted interventions.
Annals of Epidemiology, 2005
To construct and validate a questionnaire aiming to measure children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the home. METHODS: The development of the instrument included epidemiological studies, qualitative interviews, pilot studies, and validation with biomarkers and is described in seven consecutive steps. Parents of preschool children, from different population-based samples in southeast Sweden, have participated in the studies. RESULTS: Content and face validity was tested by an expert panel and core elements for the purpose of the instrument identified. Reliability was shown with test-retest of the first version. The validation with biomarkers indicated that the sensitivity of the instrument was high enough to discriminate between children's ETS exposure levels. Cotinine/creatinine levels were related to parents' described smoking behaviors. Differences were shown between children from non-smoking homes, and all groups with smoking parents, independent of their smoking behavior (p ! 0.01), as well as between parents smoking strictly outdoors and parents reporting indoor smoking (p ! 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the presented instrument can be used to discriminate between different levels of ETS exposure and when children's level of tobacco smoke exposure is to be assessed.
Population Medicine
INTRODUCTION Secondhand smoke (SHS) causes disease and death. We assessed US parents' tobacco use and their attitudes towards smoking within private environments where children might be present. METHODS A national sample of 44626 parents collectively reporting 83782 children aged 0-17 years was analyzed from the 2014-2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. Unit of analyses was both parents and children. Among parents, we assessed tobacco use prevalence, smoke-free home rule adoption, and opposition to smoking in cars. Logistic regression was used to measure associations between smoke-free home rule adoption and parents' cigarette smoking initiation (never smokers); quit attempts (current smokers); and sustained cessation (former smokers). Population counts of children living with a smoking parent were extrapolated from sampling weights. RESULTS Of parents, 14.3% currently smoked combustible tobacco; approximately 9.7 million children lived with a smoking parent. While most parents opposed smoking in cars with children (95.0%), significantly fewer were opposed when a child was not specified as being present in the car (75.4%). Overall, 91.3% of parents had smoke-free home rules; this percentage was highest among parents of infants/ toddlers (92.3%) and lowest among parents of teens aged 14-17 years (89.0%; p<0.05). Presence of smoke-free home rules was associated negatively with smoking initiation among never smokers (AOR=0.21) and positively with quit attempts among current smokers (AOR=1.59) and sustained quitting among former smokers (AOR=1.67) (all p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Parental smoking can expose children to SHS. Pediatricians can educate parents on the dangers of smoking around children, and the benefits of quitting.
Parent versus child reporting of tobacco smoke exposure at home and in the c
Aim To compare self-reported exposure to tobacco smoke in the home or in cars between parents and their pre-adolescent children. Methods We analysed data on self-reported exposure to secondhand smoke from 3,645 matched pairs of children at baseline (aged between 10 and 13 years) and their parents whether smokers or not, who were participants in Keeping Kids Smokefree (KKS), a community-based study in South Auckland, New Zealand from 2007-2009. The study aimed to reduce children's smoking initiation through parental behaviour change. The responses of the parent-child pairs were analysed using proportions, Kappa scores, and McNemar's Chi-squared test. Additionally, 679 children were biochemically tested for smoking exposure using exhaled carbon monoxide. Results There was approximately a 30% discordance between the self-reports of children and their parents, with parents reporting less smoking in homes or cars than their children. Kappa scores for parent-child agreement by ethnicity ranged from 0.15 to 0.41 for smoking at home and 0.17 to 0.54 for smoking in cars. Biochemical testing suggested that around 30% of children had been exposed to secondhand smoke, corroborating their self-reported proportion of 37% (baseline in the home) whereas few parents (11%) reported smoking in home or cars. Conclusion Parents were significantly less likely than children to report smoking inside the home or car. Biochemical testing indicated that children's reporting is more accurate. This has implications for future studies relying on self-reporting by children and/or their caregivers.
PEER REVIEWED: Impact of Home Smoking Rules on Smoking Patterns Among Adolescents and Young Adults
Preventing Chronic …, 2006
IntroductionSmoking restrictions in public places have been shown to reduce cigarette consumption and may reduce smoking prevalence. Evidence is emerging that smoke-free policies in nonpublic places may have a similar effect. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an association exists between household smoking rules and smoking patterns among adolescents (aged 15 to 18 years) and young adults (aged 19 to 24 years) living in parental homes (i.e., the homes of their parents, grandparents, or foster parents).MethodsCross-sectional data from the 1998–1999 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey were analyzed for the association between household smoking rules and smoking behaviors among adolescents and young adults. We used a probability sample of noninstitutionalized adolescents (aged 15 to 18 years) and young adults (aged 19 to 24 years) living in the United States and assessed smoking status, attempts to quit, and smoking intensity.ResultsAfter controlling for smoking status of others in the household, the odds of ever having smoked, being a current smoker, and smoking more than five cigarettes per day were significantly smaller in households with strict no-smoking policies than in households where smoking was permitted anywhere. These results were relevant for adolescents and young adults.ConclusionHousehold smoking rules are a type of antitobacco socialization that help deter adolescents from smoking. The influence of household smoking rules seems to extend beyond adolescence into the young adult years among people who continue to live at home with their parents, grandparents, or foster parents.