Polyphenolic Composition and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity, Osmotic Fragility and Cytotoxic Effects of Raphiodon echinus (Nees & Mart.) Schauer (original) (raw)
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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2015
Raphiodon echinus (R. echinus) is used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation, coughs, and infectious diseases. However, no information is available on the potential antioxidant, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of this plant. In this study, the polyphenolic constituents, antioxidant capacity and potential toxic effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of R. echinus on human erythrocytes and leukocytes were investigated for the first time. R. echinus extracts showed the presence of Gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic and ellagic acids, rutin, quercitrin and quercetin. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of R. echinus exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging with IC50 = 111.9 μg/mL (EtOH extract) and IC50 = 227.9 μg/mL (aqueous extract). The extracts inhibited Fe(2+) (10 μM) induced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation in rat brain and liver homogenates. The extracts (30-480 μg/mL) did not induce genotoxicity, cytotoxicity or osmotic frag...
2015
The present review summarizes the wide use of various plant extracts and herbal fed additives in a specific dose during the scheduled vaccination regimen may be helpful in obtaining higher protective antibody against different infections including production and development of more effective cell mediate immune response for protection against various bacterial, viral and other diseases. Herbal formulation may be therefore recommended for use as positive immunomodulator in normal and immunocompromized susceptible animals and birds. However, more sufficient researches are in demand to be carried out to establish the medicinal facts of the mentioned indigenous plants and fruits. In infants, use of neem oil is fatal. Some disadvantages of neem includes miscarriages, abortions and infertility. Although, American Cancer Society recommends the centella herb for having anticancerous properties, but research in this regard are in progress. Preliminary experimental animal researches have proved that the papaya seeds have potential contraceptive and abortifacient effect, but is non-teratogenic for the presence of phytochemicals in it. Many herbal plant preparations are prescribed to strengthen host resistance. Many useful plants fall under this category. They exhibit immunomodulatory activities. One such plant, Tinospora cordifolia, commonly called 'Guduchi' has been examined for its immunomodulatory properties. Guduchi means to rejuvenate dead cells. It is widely used in veterinary folk medicine and has also been claimed to be beneficial according to 'Ayurveda' for the cure of jaundice, skin diseases, diabetes, anemia, emaciations and various infections for its anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic and anti-allergic properties. It has also been reported that it improves the phagocytic and bactericidal activities in patients suffering from polymorphism in surgical jaundice.
International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology
Humans have relied on herbal medicines in health care and the treatment of numerous diseases since the very early stages of civilization. Herbal medicines or phytomedicines not only treat sickness but also guard against its complications simultaneously. The continuous use of synthetic medications is not safe for health because of their extreme negative impacts. So now a days, we can estimate that in some developing countries, such as the USA and England, herbal drugs make up to 25% of all consumption; on the other hand, in a few nations that are rapidly developing, like India and China, it comprises up to 80%. All over the world, more than ten thousand medicinal species are present. India is a well known producer of herbal plants that have a history of being used medicinally. As per the data of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), there are 50000-80000 types of flowering plants that have medicinal value globally. Because...
Herbal Medicine Today: Clinical and Research Issues
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2007
Herbal medicine is the use of medicinal plants for prevention and treatment of diseases: it ranges from traditional and popular medicines of every country to the use of standardized and tritated herbal extracts. Generally cultural rootedness enduring and widespread use in a Traditional Medical System may indicate safety, but not efficacy of treatments, especially in herbal medicine where tradition is almost completely based on remedies containing active principles at very low and ultra low concentrations, or relying on magical-energetic principles. In the age of globalization and of the so-called 'plate world', assessing the 'transferability' of treatments between different cultures is not a relevant goal for clinical research, while are the assessment of efficacy and safety that should be based on the regular patterns of mainstream clinical medicine. The other black box of herbal-based treatments is the lack of definite and complete information about the composition of extracts. Herbal derived remedies need a powerful and deep assessment of their pharmacological qualities and safety that actually can be realized by new biologic technologies like pharmacogenomic, metabolomic and microarray methology. Because of the large and growing use of natural derived substances in all over the world, it is not wise to rely also on the tradition or supposed millenarian beliefs; explanatory and pragmatic studies are useful and should be considered complementary in the acquisition of reliable data both for health caregiver and patients.
IJPI's Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology
The study was designed to compare in vitro antioxidant activity of different leaf extracts of Hygrophila difformis L. The leaves were dried in shade and powdered. One part of this powder was extracted with phosphate buffer and other part of the extract was successively extracted with hydro alcohol (water: ethanol::1:1),ethyl acetate and n-butanol. These were screened for preliminary phyto-chemical tests and then the extracts were assayed by different in vitro model for measuring antioxidant profile i.e. DPPH induced free radical scavenging activity, Measurement of reductive ability, Super oxide anion scavenging activity, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Alterations of the absorbance due to free radicals were tested in control, test (H. difformis extract), & also standard (stock solution of vitamin c) groups. Findings suggested that, n-butanol extract of H. difformis possessed highest antioxidant activity in dose dependant manner.
Drug Discovery Today, 2017
In vitro assays for detecting health effects of botanicals are discussed Pitfalls and promises of using in vitro assays for testing botanicals are presented Extrapolation of in vitro results to the in vivo situation is possible Chemometrics in determining active ingredients in botanicals is essential Teaser: In vitro assays are widely and effectively used to test the efficacy and adverse effects of botanicals and botanical preparations. The pitfalls of these assays are however often incorrectly and inaccurately taken into account hampering adequate extrapolation to in vivo situations often resulting in false interpretations. These pitfalls as well as strategies to overcome them are discussed. This review provides an update on the promises and pitfalls when using in vitro bioassays to evaluate beneficial and adverse health effects of botanicals and botanical preparations. Important issues addressed in the paper are: (i) the type of assays and biological effects available; (ii) false-positives, false-negatives and confounding factors; (iii) matrix and combination effects; (iv) extrapolation of in vitro data to the in vivo situation; (v) when (not) to use bioassays; and (vi) identification of active constituents. It is concluded that in vitro bioassays provide models to detect beneficial as well as adverse activities, but that linking these observations to individual ingredients and extrapolations to the in vivo situation is more complicated than generally anticipated.
A Guidance Manual for the Toxicity Assessment of Traditional Herbal Medicines
Natural Product Communications
Herbal remedies have been used for thousands of years in worldwide traditional medicines for their potential health benefits. Although they are generally presumed safe unless a significant risk has been identified in humans, increasing number of case reports notify acute or chronic intoxications resulting from their use. This study aims to produce a scientific guide for the evaluation of traditional herbal medicines (THMs) in terms of their toxicity risks based on the published regulatory documents. For this purpose recommended in vitro and in vivo toxicity tests on medicinal products for human use issued by the international regulatory bodies are overviewed and they are then adopted to be used for the toxicity assessment of THMs. Accordingly, based on compilation of these issued regulations, the following tests are recommended for the toxicity assessment of THMs; in vitro cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, acute and repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive and developmental t...
The present review summarizes the wide use of various plant extracts and herbal fed additives in a specific dose during the scheduled vaccination regimen may be helpful in obtaining higher protective antibody against different infections including production and development of more effective cell mediate immune response for protection against various bacterial, viral and other diseases. Herbal formulation may be therefore recommended for use as positive immunomodulator in normal and immunocompromized susceptible animals and birds. However, more sufficient researches are in demand to be carried out to establish the medicinal facts of the mentioned indigenous plants and fruits. In infants, use of neem oil is fatal. Some disadvantages of neem includes miscarriages, abortions and infertility. Although, American Cancer Society recommends the centella herb for having anticancerous properties, but research in this regard are in progress. Preliminary experimental animal researches have proved that the papaya seeds have potential contraceptive and abortifacient effect, but is non-teratogenic for the presence of phytochemicals in it. Many herbal plant preparations are prescribed to strengthen host resistance. Many useful plants fall under this category. They exhibit immunomodulatory activities. One such plant, Tinospora cordifolia, commonly called 'Guduchi' has been examined for its immunomodulatory properties. Guduchi means to rejuvenate dead cells. It is widely used in veterinary folk medicine and has also been claimed to be beneficial according to 'Ayurveda' for the cure of jaundice, skin diseases, diabetes, anemia, emaciations and various infections for its anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-allergic properties. It has also been reported that it improves the phagocytic and bactericidal activities in patients suffering from polymorphism in surgical jaundice.
Concerns regarding the safety and toxicity of medicinal plants - An overview
ABSTRACT All over the world, especially in developing countries herbal drugs are playing an important role in health care programmes.This is because they are being cheap and locally available. There is a general belief amongst the consumers globally that herbal drugs are always safe because they are “natural". However evidences suggests otherwise. The mere fact that a product is "natural" may not signify that the product is safe. Although limited evidence suggests that adverse effects associated with the use of herbal drugs are less likely to occur than with conventional drugs, theydo occur though usually mild and only affecting a small number of people. Recent evidence suggests that some of the herbs considered to be safe over the last many decades have proven to be associated with health hazards. Herbal remedies can act either as agonists or antagonists that potentiate some drug therapies. Therefore , an understanding of conventional drugs is an essential prerequisite for effective herbal therapeutics.The advancement of technology has enabled the scientists to detect minute amounts of carcinogenic and toxic chemicals in these herbs and recognize or evaluate potentially hazardous effects of some of the herbs which had been used in traditional medicine since centuries. Key words: Safety and Toxicity, herbal medicines/ drugs, side / hazardous effects, Pharmaceuticals, Botanicals, Allergic, Contamination & adulteration