Development of gelatin-chitosanhydroxyapatite based bioactive bone scaffold with controlled pore size and mechanical strength (original) (raw)
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Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan and Gelatin Based Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering
Bone tissue engineering, using a porous scaffold material to induce the formation of bone from the surrounding tissues has some distinct advantages over autografting and allografting, and it is a rapidly growing alternative approach to heal damaged bone tissue. The current study focuses on fabrication and characterization of hydroxyapatite and natural biopolymer composite for improved bone repair and regeneration. The porous composite scaffold containing hydroxyapatite (HAp), chitosan and gelatin having 3D network of interconnected pores with an average pore size of 150 m was fabricated using freeze drying method. Glutaraldehyde was used as a cross linker between chitosan and gelatin. Characteristic IR band for (–C=N–) group observed in IR study of the prepared scaffold indicated the crosslinking ability of glutaraldehyde with chitosan and gelatin. Total porosity in the scaffold varied between 60 and 70% as determined by Archimedes principle and depended on the solids loading of the scaffold. Microstructural analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed an interconnected porous network in the scaffold where HAp nanoparticles were found to be dispersed in the biopolymer matrix. Thick bone like apatite layer deposition was observed on the surface of the scaffold on immersing it into simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37oC for 7 days. The developed scaffold exhibited a compressive strength of 1.75 MPa which is close to the lower limit of compressive strength of spongy bone. These types of composite scaffolds find application as efficient biomaterial for natural bone tissue regeneration and bone tissue engineering.
Fabrication of porous hydroxyapatite-gelatin composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Iranian Biomedical Journal, 2006
Background: engineering new bone tissue with cells and a synthetic extracellular matrix represents a new approach for the regeneration of mineralized tissues compared with the transplantation of bone (autografts or allografts). Methods: in this study, to mimic the mineral and organic component of natural bone, hydroxapatite (HA) and gelatin (GEL) composite scaffolds were prepared. The raw materials were first compounded and the resulting composite were molded into cylindrical shape. Using solvent-casting method combined with freeze drying process, it is possible to produce scaffolds with mechanical and structural properties close to natural trabecular bone. Glutaraldehyde (GA) was used as cross linking agent. The chemical bonding and the microstructure were investigated by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Light microscopy. Results: it was observed that the prepared scaffold has an open, interconnected porous structure with a pore size of 80-400 m µ , which is suitable for osteoblast cell proliferation. The mechanical properties of different weight fraction of HA (30, 40, and 50 wt%) was assessed and it was found that the GEL/HA with ratio of 50wt% HA has the compressive modulus of ~10 Giga Pascal (GPa), the ultimate compressive stress of ~32 Mega Pascal (MPa) and the elongation of ~3MPa similar to that of trabecular bone. The porosity and the apparent density of 50wt% HA scaffold were calculated and it was found that the addition of HA content can reduce the water absorption and the porosity. Since GA is cytotoxin, sodium bisulfite was used as GA discharger. The biological responses of scaffolds carried out by L929 fibroblast cell culture and it was observed that fibroblast cells partially proliferated and covered scaffold surface, 48h after seeding. Conclusion: these results demonstrate that the manufactured scaffolds are suitable candidate for trabecular bone tissue engineering. Iran. Biomed. J. 10 (4): 215-223, 2006
Characterization of Porous Scaffold from Chitosan-Gelatin/Hydroxyapatite for Bone Grafting
Bone tissue engineering is a new treatment technique for bone grafting. This procedure can regenerate damaged bone by implanting scaffolding to provide mechanical support in gap areas. The scaffold acts as a temporary matrix for cell proliferation until new bone tissue is completely regenerated. This research developed bone scaffold using freeze-drying method. A mixture design technique was used to investigate the effect of chitosan, gelatin, and hydroxyapatite on the scaffold properties. The results showed that the degradability and porosity of the scaffold increased with decreasing chitosan-gelatin and hydroxyapatite concentrations, while swelling increased with increasing chitosan-gelatin but decreasing hydroxyapatite concentrations. An optimal condition was obtained from the scaffold with a chitosan-gelatin:hydroxyapatite:1% acetic acid ratio of 2.62:2.17:95.21. The SEM image also showed the scaffold fabricated from this ratio has an open pore structure, which could benefit bone...
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2009
To meet the challenge of regenerating bone lost to disease or trauma, biodegradable scaffolds are being investigated as a way to regenerate bone without the need for an auto-or allograft. Here, we have developed a novel microsphere-based chitosan/nanocrystalline calcium phosphate (CaP) composite scaffold and investigated its potential compared to plain chitosan scaffolds to be used as a bone graft substitute. Composite and chitosan scaffolds were prepared by fusing microspheres of 500-900 lm in diameter, and porosity, degradation, compressive strength, and cell growth were examined. Both scaffolds had porosities of 33-35% and pore sizes between 100 and 800 lm. However, composite scaffolds were much rougher and, as a result, had 20 times more surface area/unit mass than chitosan scaffolds. The compressive modulus of hydrated composite scaffolds was significantly higher than chitosan scaffolds (9.29 6 0.8 MPa vs. 3.26 6 2.5 MPa), and composite scaffolds were tougher and more flexible than what has been reported for other chitosan-CaP composites or CaP scaffolds alone. Using X-ray diffraction, scaffolds were shown to contain partially crystalline hydroxyapatite with a crystallinity of 16.7% 6 6.8% and crystallite size of 128 6 55 nm. Fibronection adsorption was increased on composite scaffolds, and cell attachment was higher on composite scaffolds after 30 min, although attachment rates were similar after 1 h. Osteoblast proliferation (based on dsDNA measurements) was significantly increased after 1 week of culture. These studies have demonstrated that composite scaffolds have mechanical properties and porosity sufficient to support ingrowth of new bone tissue, and cell attachment and proliferation data indicate composite scaffolds are promising for bone regeneration.
Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications, 2016
A novel nano-biocomposite scaffold was fabricated in bead form by applying simple foaming method, using a combination of natural polymers-chitosan, gelatin, alginate and a bioceramic-nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp). This approach of combining nHAp with natural polymers to fabricate the composite scaffold, can provide good mechanical strength and biological property mimicking natural bone. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) images of the nano-biocomposite scaffold revealed the presence of interconnected pores, mostly spread over the whole surface of the scaffold. The nHAp particulates have covered the surface of the composite matrix and made the surface of the scaffold rougher. The scaffold has a porosity of 82% with a mean pore size of 112±19.0μm. Swelling and degradation studies of the scaffold showed that the scaffold possesses excellent properties of hydrophilicity and biodegradability. Short term mechanical testing of the scaffold does not reveal any rupturing after ag...
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2019
The aim of this study was to synthesize an innovative composite scaffold which structured of clinoptilolite-nanohydroxyapatite/chitosan-gelatin (CLN-nHA/CS-G) with enhanced attributes for utilization in the bone tissue engineering. This composite scaffold was prepared by blending the CLN, nHA, chitosan, and gelatin solution followed by a freeze-drying step. The fabricated composite scaffolds were studied using BET, FTIR, XRD, and SEM techniques. The highly porous composite scaffolds with a pore size of 200 ±100 µm were synthesized. Moreover, the effects of CLN and nHA on the physicochemical features of the scaffold such as density, swelling ratio, biomineralization, bio-degradation, and mechanical behavior were studied. Compared with CS-G scaffold, the presence of CLN and nHA leads to an increased surface area, increased biomineralization and low rate of degradation in simulated body fluid solution (SBF) and mechanical strength. Cytotoxicity of the CLN-nHA/CS-G scaffold was studied by MTT assay on human dental pulp stem cells (h-DPSCs). The biological response of h-DPSCs showed no toxicity and studied cells proliferated and attached on the pore surfaces of the scaffold. Results indicated that introducing CLN and nHA to composite improves the scaffold characteristics in a way that makes it suitable for bone tissue engineering.
Bioceramic Bone Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
2010
Tissue engineering is a new field that made rapid advances. Tissue engineering eliminates reoperations by using biological substitutes that allow native cells to grow. Scaffolds and its properties play important role for success of this technique. Porous calcium phosphate ceramics (mainly hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP)) with interconnected macro-pores (~ 100 to 500 μm) as well as high porosities (~ 80%) were prepared by a new method at different temperatures giving a scaffold could be used in different situations. we present a simple, direct lithographic method to fabricate this scaffold. In order to improve the mechanical properties such as compressive strength and compressive modulus and maintain the desirable bioactivity carboxymethyl-celleulose (CMC) is added forming a composite structure. The CMC made the porous calcium phosphate ceramics proved to be bioactive and exhibited compressive strengths up to 18MPa and compressive modules up to 6 GPa which were comparable to those of natural bones. The obtained complex porous bioactive/ biodegradable composites could be used as tissue engineering scaffolds for high load bearing applications. This composite scaffold can be satisfied with the basic requirement for tissue engineering, and has the potential to be applied in repair and substitute of human menisci of the knee-joint and articular cartilage.
Porous Collagen-Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds With Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration
Journal of Oral Implantology, 2015
Current bone grafting materials have significant limitations for repairing maxillofacial and dentoalveolar bone deficiencies. An ideal bone tissue-engineering construct is still lacking. The purpose of the present study was first to synthesize and develop a collagen-hydroxyapatite (Col-HA) composite through controlled in situ mineralization on type I collagen fibrils with nanometer-sized apatite crystals, and then evaluate their biologic properties by culturing with mouse and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We synthesized Col-HA scaffolds with different Col:HA ratios. Mouse C3H10T1/2 MSCs and human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDSCs) were cultured with scaffolds for cell proliferation and biocompatibility assays. We found that the porous Col-HA composites have good biocompatibility and biomimetic properties. The Col-HA composites with ratios 80:20 and 50:50 composites supported the attachments and proliferations of mouse MSCs and hPDSCs. These findings indicate that Col-HA...
In vitro study of novel organic/ inorganic composite scaffold for bone regeneration
In this study, polysaccharide polymers /Hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds were prepared by using freeze-drier processing technique. The microstructure and morphology as well as mechanical strength of the scaffolds were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and other methods. The porosity ratio and in vitro biomineralization of the scaffold were also evaluated. It was found that, both porosity and compressive strength are strongly dependent on the concentration of HA. The porosity was reduced from ≈ 87 ±5.1% to 66.7±3.2%, while the mechanical measurements revealed that, the compressive strength reaches the highest value 23.96±0.82 MPa by adding HA to hybrid polymers. In addition, Blended hydroxyethylcellulose to sodium alginate cause increase of total pore volume inside scaffold, decrease in mechanical properties and the presence of bioceramic inside scaffolds structure enhances the precipitation and biomineralization of HA from SBF on scaffolds surface. Thus results suggest that these biocompatible composite scaffolds can be useful for bone tissue regeneration.