Socioeconomic impacts of malaria burden on household (original) (raw)
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Why is malaria associated with poverty? Findings from a cohort study in rural Uganda
Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 2016
Background: Malaria control and sustainable development are linked, but implementation of 'multisectoral' intervention is restricted by a limited understanding of the causal pathways between poverty and malaria. We investigated the relationships between socioeconomic position (SEP), potential determinants of SEP, and malaria in Nagongera, rural Uganda. Methods: Socioeconomic information was collected for 318 children aged six months to 10 years living in 100 households, who were followed for up to 36 months. Mosquito density was recorded using monthly light trap collections. Parasite prevalence was measured routinely every three months and malaria incidence determined by passive case detection. First, we evaluated the association between success in smallholder agriculture (the primary livelihood source) and SEP. Second, we explored socioeconomic risk factors for human biting rate (HBR), parasite prevalence and incidence of clinical malaria, and spatial clustering of socioeconomic variables. Third, we investigated the role of selected factors in mediating the association between SEP and malaria. Results: Relative agricultural success was associated with higher SEP. In turn, high SEP was associated with lower HBR (highest versus lowest wealth index tertile: Incidence Rate Ratio 0.71, 95 % confidence intervals (CI) 0.54-0.93, P = 0.01) and lower odds of malaria infection in children (highest versus lowest wealth index tertile: adjusted Odds Ratio 0.52, 95 % CI 0.35-0.78, P = 0.001), but SEP was not associated with clinical malaria incidence. Mediation analysis suggested that part of the total effect of SEP on malaria infection risk was explained by house type (24.9 %, 95 % CI 15.8-58.6 %) and food security (18.6 %, 95 % CI 11.6-48.3 %); however, the assumptions of the mediation analysis may not have been fully met. Conclusion: Housing improvements and agricultural development interventions to reduce poverty merit further investigation as multisectoral interventions against malaria. Further interdisplinary research is needed to understand fully the complex pathways between poverty and malaria and to develop strategies for sustainable malaria control.
Incidence of malaria among various rural socio-economic households
2012
It is shown from the literatures that malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted by an Anopheles mosquito. The disease that is prevalent in the tropical or sub-tropical climates. In Nigeria, malaria causes the death of an estimated 250,000 children under the age of five every year. The study aimed at applying multi-linear regression method to analyse the socio-economic factors associated with malaria incidence among various socio-economic households in rural areas taking Akinyele local government as a case study. Using systematic and simple random sampling methods, 387 respondents are interviewed through the administration of structured questionnaire. Regression result shows a strong significant relationship between malaria incidence and socio-economic characteristics of respondents within the various households (R=0.258 at P<0.05). The regression model shows that household size β=0.258 at p<0.05 and religion β=0.123 at p<0.05 are the major significant fa...
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON HOUSEHOLD FACTORS INFLUENCING ANNUAL EPISODES OF MALARIA
Malaria is responsible for about 66 per cent of all clinic visits in Nigeria. It accounts for 25% of under-5 mortality, 30% childhood mortality and 11% maternal mortality. At least 50% of the population will have at least one episode of malaria annually. Moreover, environment dictates the incidence and prevalence of diseases all over the world and if timely action is not taken, it may lead to diseases. Three (3) out of six (6) major towns in Ido local government area are considered and accumulated one hundred and ninety one (191) individuals as respondents using haphazard non probability sampling technique for selection. The obtained data through questionnaire was presented on frequency table and charts while inferential statistics were analysed using dummy variables in regression. It was revealed that majority of the respondents suffered from one or more incidences of malaria in a year, where female had the higher percentage of the incidence and there was high incidence of malaria among the adult ages 30years and above. The qualitative predictor variable in regression analysis revealed significant relationship between annual episode of malaria and number of members of household, toilet type, absent ceiling, building type, disposable site and source of domestic water. The ANOVA, F – test was significant for all predicted factors. Conclusively, in the view of the discovery, it was therefore recommended that people need awareness on densely populated area / household are more prone to experience more episodes of malaria incidence than sparsely populated one, encouragement on utilization of closed domestic water system instead of open system to avoid reservoir for mosquito, enlightenment on type toilet used and avoid absence ceiling to prevent being a breeding site for mosquitoes, government to stage more campaign against malaria especially for adult not for children under 5year alone and
2020
Malaria is still one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in Mozambique with the 5 th highest prevalence in the world, with little progress in malaria control over the past 20 years. Sussundenga village is one of most affected areas, and lies along the Zimbabwe border, making evaluation of malaria transmission and control policies integral for regional efforts. The objective of this study was to map and quantify malaria parasite prevalence and model its relationship with sociodemographic and economic traits in Sussundenga Village. Houses in the study area were digitalized and enumerated using GoogleEarth Pro TM . A sample of 125 houses was drawn to conduct a community survey of P. falciparum parasite prevalence using rapid diagnostic test (RDT). During the survey, a questionnaire was conducted to assess the socio-demographic and economic traits of the participants. Descriptive statistics were analyzed and logistic regression was performed to establish the relationship be...
Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature
Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2005
objective To review the evidence on the link between malaria and poverty. methods Review of the published and grey literature to identify (i) the data available on the socio-economic distribution of malaria incidence and vulnerability, and (ii) the uptake of malaria control interventions.
Health Economics & Outcome Research: Open Access, 2017
Background: The economic burden of malaria for households in the municipality of Kouandé and in the control and municipality of Copargo in Benin was assessed in two cross-sectional studies before and after the implementation of Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS). Method: This study was conducted in two phases: Just before the implementation of the IRS and one year later. The same methodological approach was strictly followed for each of the two phases. The selection of households was made by systematic random sampling from the register of patients obtained from each of the four health centers. The health center sampling frame was a list of patients who had been confirmed by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) or Thick Drop (GE) and who had completed treatment for malaria no later than four weeks prior to the survey. In total, 400 and 405 households respectively were sampled and surveyed during the two phases. Results: The pre-intervention economic indicators were significantly higher than those obtained after intervention at the urban district level (Kouandé-Centre), whereas the opposite result was observed at the level of the rural district (Guilmaro). In the control zone, regardless of the type of rounding, the pre-intervention economic indicators were significantly higher than those obtained after the intervention, except for the indirect costs for which there was no significant difference before and after the intervention. These results showed at first sight that in three out of four districts the economic indicators decreased significantly in one year, irrespective of the implementation of intervention or not. It could be inferred that the results obtained cannot be attributed to the implementation of the IRS alone. The median theoretical household income available before and after the intervention was significantly lower than the median economic cost of malaria for the household at Kouandé centre and Pabégou whereas there was no significant difference between these two parameters in Copargo centre and at Guilmaro. Conclusion: As a general rule for these two communes, the occurrence of malaria (especially severe) would significantly influence the availability of saving at the household level.
Socioeconomic development as an intervention against malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis
The Lancet, 2013
More details/abstract: Background: Future progress in tacking malaria mortality will probably be hampered by the development of resistance to drugs and insecticides and by the contraction of aid budgets. Historically, control was often achieved without malaria specific interventions. Our aim was to assess whether socioeconomic development can contribute to malaria control. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether the risk of malaria in children aged 0-15 years is associated with socioeconomic status. We searched Medline, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Campbell Library, the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Health Systems Evidence, and the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Coordinating Centre evidence library for studies published in English between Jan 1, 1980, and July 12, 2011, that measured socioeconomic status and parasitologically confirmed malaria or clinical malaria in children. Unadjusted and adjusted effect estimates were combined in fixed effects and random-effects meta-analyses, with a subgroup analysis for different measures of socioeconomic status. We used funnel plots and Egger's linear regression to test for publication bias. Findings: Of 4696 studies reviewed, 20 met the criteria for inclusion in the qualitative analysis, and 15 of these reported the necessary data for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The odds of malaria infection were higher in the poorest children than in the least poor children (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 1•66, 95% CI 1•35-2•05, p<0•001, I²=68%; adjusted OR 2•06, 1•42-2•97, p<0•001, I²=63%), an effect that was consistent across subgroups. Interpretation: Although we would not recommend discontinuation of existing malaria control efforts, we believe that increased investment in interventions to support socioeconomic development is warranted, since such interventions could prove highly effective and sustainable against malaria in the long term.