Responsiveness of human natural killer cells during acute, incremental exercise up to exhaustion (original) (raw)
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Strength, workload, anaerobic intensity and the immune response to resistance exercise in women
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 2003
The mechanism linking exercise intensity to the magnitude of the immune response is not completely understood. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the immune response to resistance exercise was associated with (1) changes in workload or (2) anaerobic exercise intensity. Methods: Previously untrained women underwent 6 months of resistance training for lower and upper body (TOTAL, n ¼ 34) or for upper body alone (UPPER, n ¼ 30). Lymphocyte subsets [T (CD3+), CD4+, CD8+, NK and B], functional markers (CD45RA+ and CD45RO+), and mitogen (phytohemagglutinin-M, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen) and superantigen (staphylococcus a. cowans)-stimulated proliferation were measured from blood samples collected pre-and post-exercise for a squat resistance exercise consisting of six sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of one repetition maximum. This protocol was performed before (T0) and after 3 (T3) and 6 months (T6) of training. Results: Lymphocyte recruitment to the circulation and proliferation following resistance exercise did not differ between training groups at any time, although the TOTAL group performed at a higher workload as training progressed. With respect to anaerobic intensity, exercise-induced increases in NK, CD4+, CD8+ and B lymphocyte concentrations were 42 (P ¼ 0.07), 76 (P < 0.05), 72 (P < 0.05) and 242% (P < 0.01) greater in women in the highest compared with the lowest post-exercise lactate quartiles. Lymphocyte proliferation did not differ between lactate quartiles. Conclusions: Anaerobic intensity, rather than increased strength and workload, is associated with the number of lymphocytes recruited to the circulation, but not T and B cell proliferation responses. Keywords B cells, lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cells, T cells. The mechanisms contributing to the variability amongst individuals in the immune response to exercise stress need to be identified so that we can characterize the positive and negative influences of exercise training on the immune system. Exercise-induced increases in lymphocyte trafficking are typically considered to be controlled by catecholamine levels (Kappel et al. 1991, Landmann 1992, Benschop et al. 1997) and delayed decreases by cortisol (Pedersen et al. 1997). A number of influences including adrenaline, cortisol, prostaglandins, b-endorphins and cytokines are suspected to modulate lymphocyte functions (Kappel et al. 1991, Pedersen et al. 1997). Anaerobic exercise intensity is typically indicated by the magnitude of the rise in blood lactate concentration.
Effect of 8 Weeks Endurance Training on Immune System Cell Changes with Recovery Period
Physical activity and Exercise training is a stressful stimulus that induces changes and adaptation in many organs such as skeletal system, endocrine system, pulmonary system, cardiovascular system, immune system and other organs. The immune system is a defense network that plays an important role in human. Research on topic of exercise immunology area (physical activity and immune system function), approximately began from 1900. Numerous papers in this area were written. Bryan et al. (2001) reported that more than 600 papers on exercise and immune system published in pub med until 2001. 1 And we fund about 3000 paper on exercise and immune system in pub med from 1900 to 2011. Our research in pub med showed that 524 paper of these papers was review paper that publication by famous researchers. Recently different study demonstrated that, the relation between exercise and immune function was favorite area for researcher. Varieties of published data suggest that immune system function changed after physical activity. Immune system divided into subset, the innate immune and the adaptive immune. Malaguarnera et al (2008), demonstrating that, different componesent of immune system activated against pathogens and also act as the first defense. 2 Regular physical activity is beneficial for general health. The protective and therapeutic effects of physical activity or exercise and training on several diseases (e.g. cardiac disease, diabetes, and hypertension) are well known. 3 Type, intense and duration of exercise and physical activity effect on immune system and also alter the immune system response. In this area, Buttner et al. (2007) has suggested that intense training induce decrease in immune system components. Whereas this components increase after moderate exercise. 3
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2010
Intense and prolonged exercise greatly affects circulating cytokine levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible changes in tumour necrosis factor -a (TNF-a), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and cortisol concentrations during and after prolonged exercise of constant and alternating intensity of the same duration and total work performed. Ten male subjects underwent two main cycling exercise trials lasting one hour each. On one occasion, exercise intensity was alternated between 46.5±1.9% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max ) for 40 s and 120% of VO2max for 20 s, so that the mean intensity corresponded to 105% of the lactate threshold. On the other occasion, exercise intensity was constant at 105% of the lactate threshold. Levels of TNF-a, IL-6 after lipo polysaccharide (LPS) stimulation as well as cortisol were measured at rest, 30 and 60 minutes of exercise and 1 hour after. No significant differences were observed in TNF-a concentrations between the two exercise protocols (...
Impact of three different types of exercise on components of the inflammatory response
European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 1999
It was hypothesized that muscle injury would be greater with eccentric than with all-out or prolonged exercise, and that immune changes might provide an indication that supplements the information provided by traditional markers such as creatine kinase (CK) or delayed-onset muscle soreness. Eight healthy males [mean (SE): age = 24.9 (2.3) years, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2(max)) = 43.0 (3.1) ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)] were each assigned to four experimental conditions, one at a time, using a randomized-block design: 5 min of cycle ergometer exercise at 90% VO2(max) (AO), a standard circuit-training routine (CT), 2 h cycle ergometer exercise at 60% VO2(max) (Long), or remained seated for 5 h. Blood samples were analyzed for CK, natural killer (NK) cell counts (CD3(-)/CD16(+)56(+)), cytolytic activity and plasma levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tissue necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). CK levels were only elevated significantly 72 h following CT. NK cell counts i...
Journal of Applied Physiology
Effects of mode and carbohydrate on the granulocyte and monocyte response to intensive, prolonged exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(4): 1252-1259, 1998.-The influence of exercise mode and 6% carbohydrate (C) vs. placebo (P) beverage ingestion on granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity (GMPOB) after prolonged and intensive exertion was measured in 10 triathletes. The triathletes acted as their own controls and ran or cycled for 2.5 h at ϳ75% maximal O 2 uptake, ingesting C or P (4 total sessions, random order, with beverages administered in double-blind fashion). During the 2.5-h exercise bouts, C or P (4 ml/kg) was ingested every 15 min. Five blood samples were collected (15 min before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 1.5, 3, and 6 h after exercise). The pattern of change over time for GMPOB was significantly different between C and P conditions (P Յ 0.05), with postexercise values lower during the C trials. Little difference was measured between running and cycling modes. C relative to P ingestion (but not exercise mode) was associated with higher plasma levels of glucose and insulin, lower plasma levels of cortisol and growth hormone, and lower blood neutrophil and monocyte cell counts. These data indicate that C vs. P ingestion is associated with higher plasma glucose levels, an attenuated cortisol response, and lower GMPOB. immune system; cortisol; running; cycling; neutrophils; phagocytosis; oxidative burst NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES (55-65% and 3-9% of blood leukocytes, respectively) play an important role in nonspecific or innate immunity. These phagocytes act as the first line of defense to eliminate infectious agents and are involved in the muscle tissue inflammatory response to exercise-induced injury (23, 32, 37). The phagocytic response to infection and injury is complex and involves several stages, including adherence, chemotaxis, attachment, ingestion, and killing (23). The final killing stage involves the oxidative burst, which results in the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), and degranulation, which involves the release of hydrolytic enzymes [e.g., elastase and myeloperoxidase (MPO)] and antimicrobial polypeptides from granules within the phagocyte (23, 32).
Anti-inflammatory response to acute exercise is related with intensity and physical fitness
Journal of cellular biochemistry, 2018
The relationship between inflammatory markers and energetic metabolism has been explored. However, the relationship between exercise intensity and fitness status is unclear, and it is necessary to understand this relationship to apply specific exercise guidance. The purpose of the study was to analyze metabolic and inflammatory responses imposed by acute exercise sessions performed at moderate, heavy, and severe intensities and their relationship with the physical fitness status. Nineteen healthy male volunteers performed three acute exercise sessions until exhaustion or up to 60 minutes on a cycle ergometer at moderate (90% of first ventilatory threshold [VT1]), heavy (midpoint between VT1 and second ventilatory threshold [VT2]), and severe (midpoint between VT2 and maximal aerobic power) intensities. Blood lactate, glucose, NEFA, endotoxin, and cytokines were determined for each exercise session. Peripheral and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated release of tumor necrosis factor a...
Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 2003
CONTEXT: High-intensity exercise causes tissue damage, production of stress hormones, and alterations in the function and quantity of various immune cells. Many clinical-physical stressors such as surgery, trauma, burns and sepsis induce a pattern of hormonal and immunological response similar to that of exercise. It has thus been suggested that heavy exercise might be used to cause graded and well-defined amounts of muscle trauma, thereby serving as an experimental model for inflammation and sepsis. OBJECTIVE: In order to explore whether some form of strenuous exercise might provide an useful model for the inflammatory process, we studied the effects of three different exercise protocols on blood leukocyte count during and following exercise. DESIGN: Four different experimental conditions, using a randomized-block design. SETTING: Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, North York, Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Eight healthy and moderately fit males. PROCEDURES: Par...
Immune response to changes in training intensity and duration in male athletes
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The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of exercise at 85% VO2max (30min) with prolonged exercise at a lower work rate (60% VO2max for up to1.5 h) on blood leukocyte count and the percent blood leukocyte subsets in young men athletes. Fifteen athlete male university students (mean ± SD age 22.3±2.6 yr, weight 65.5±5.72 Kg and height 174.2±3.64 cm) participated in this study. After physical examinations, subjects performed Running on an electrically treadmill at 85% VO2max (30 min). On another occasion, separated by at least one week, subjects performed exercise on the same treadmill at 60% VO2max for 1.5 hour. Blood samples were collected from a peripheral arm vein before and immediately after exercise sessions, and served for determination of total and differential leukocyte counts. The acquired data were analyzed by MedCalc software and using t-tests. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Both exercise bouts caused significant (p<0.05) elevations of the blood leukocyte count. Mean blood leukocyte count were increased from 6.4±0.79 to10.26±3.3 and 6.32±0.75 to 9.85±2 (×10 6 /ml) after exercise at the 60% VO2max (1.5 h) and 85% VO2max (30min) respectively. After exercise at the lower work rate for a longer duration, blood monocytes (1.25%) and neutrophil percent (11%) were significantly higher and blood lymphocytes (11.75%) were significantly lower than those observed at 80% VO2max. However, No significant differences were observed in the blood monocytes percent after the both exercise bouts (p<0.05). The results showed that when exercise is very prolonged, the diminution of innate immune function is greater, than or at least as great as that observed after fatiguing exercise at higher work rates. The sum of acute responses observed in this study may exert a protective effect against sickness and may be used to improve health and lifespan in athletes.