Effect of Seiridium cardinale on growth of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) clones (original) (raw)
Related papers
Rootstock effects on the reaction of grafted cypress to it Seiridium cardinale bark canker disease
Agronomie, 2000
Knowledge of rootstock effects on the reaction of grafted cypresses to bark canker disease induced by Seiridium cardinale, as well as a knowledge of cypress growth parameters, could play an important role in the production of resistant clones. Auto-, homo-and heteroplastic grafts were carried out by using self-rooted ramets of 4 cypress clones in all combinations. Self-rooted ungrafted ramets obtained from the 4 rootstock clones were used in the same test. All 4-year-old trees were measured for total height and diameter before artificial inoculation. Rootstock clones had no statistical influence on the diameter of grafted trees, but did significantly affect total height. Correlations among these growth traits and disease scores were non-significant. A statistically significant tendency for rootstocks to transfer their own canker susceptibility or resistance level to the grafted ramets did not, however, modify the resistance class into which the grafted clones had been previously classified.
Environmental Condition and Cypress Canker Disease
2007
Cypress canker by Seiridium cardinale (Wag.) Sutt. & Gibson is a disease particularly harmful for cypress trees in Tuscany where the land scape value of this species is very important. The paper reports on the relationship among S. cardinale and environmental factors that may influence the spreading of the fungus using GIS technology. The s tudy conduced in the neighbourhood
Plant Disease, 2014
Leyland cypress (× Hesperotropsis leylandii) is a fast-growing conifer used in most temperate regions as an ornamental tree for hedges and screens, and is one of the most commercially important trees in Europe. In recent years, severe diebacks and mortality due to cypress canker have been observed on Leyland cypress plantations in Southern Europe. This study was conducted to evaluate (i) the spread and impact of cypress canker caused by Seiridium cardinale in plantations of a sample area of 1,250 km2 in central Italy, (ii) the response of the most commonly grown Leyland cypress varieties to artificial inoculation with to S. cardinal, and (iii) the pathogenicity of S. cardinale isolates obtained from Leyland cypress. Of the 1,411 surveyed trees, 11.4% had been killed by cypress canker and 43.9% of the living trees were affected by the disease. The number of diseased or dead trees and the percentage of cankered trunks was significantly correlated with the mean trunk diameter of the pl...
Forest Ecology and Management
Prevention is hailed as the only successful and cost-effective approach to control the introduction of exotic forest pathogens, and several international policies are in place to avoid such introductions. However, once a pathogen has been introduced and is widely spread in a novel range, regulations are relaxed. Concerns have been voiced about the detrimental consequences of the introduction of multiple genotypes of a pathogen, but evidence about such consequences has rarely been documented. Cypress Canker Disease (CCD) is a pandemic lethal disease of plants in the family Cupressaceae caused by the fungal pathogen Seiridium cardinale (W.W. Wagener) B. Sutton & I.A.S. Gibson (Sc). Sc is native to California, where populations are genetically diversified, while widely spread CCD outbreaks in the Mediterranean basin have been caused by the introduction of a single genotype. Resistant plant clones have been selected in Italy based on long-term field tests using a representative Mediterranean Sc genotype. Here we use a 90-day greenhouse trial on 419 21-month old grafts to test the response of four putatively resistant and three putatively susceptible clones of Italian cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) against one Mediterranean and five Californian fungal genotypes. By measuring mortality, size of the lesion caused by the fungus on the stem, and fungal sporulation, we ask the following questions: (1) Does the fast greenhouse assay confirm results of the extended field trials; (2) Is resistance confirmed for all putatively resistant clones when using a broad representation of the pathogen; and, (3) Does resistance have the potential to reduce transmission rates of the pathogen, thus potentially slowing down the CCD epidemic? Results indicated that: (1) Lesion size, but not seedlings' survival, can be used as metric to measure resistance in small grafted ramets; (2) One of four putatively resistant plant clones was considered susceptible at the end of the trial; and, (3) Sporulation was significantly lower in resistant than in susceptible plant clones. Based on these results, we conclude that resistance may be a viable disease control approach in this pathosystem due to the effect it has on both plant survival and fungal sporulation. However, we also conclude that resistance can be considered robust and effective against the pathogen species in its entirety, only if tested using several fungal genotypes. This study is one of the first to show that multiple introductions of a pathogen could break down host resistance and have a measurable detrimental effect on native ecosystems, suggesting that international policies should be revised accordingly.
HortScience
Common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) is an integral feature of the landscape of many Mediterranean regions (particularly in Tuscany). Furthermore, common cypress has multiple uses as ornament, timber, windbreaks, recovery of deteriorated soils, protection of slopes and the production of essential oils. During the last three decades, Seiridum cardinale canker of cypress has caused severe losses in woods, windbreaks and ornamental plantings in the Mediterranean area, significantly limiting the use and cultivation of this tree. In this paper we describe `Italico' and `Mediterraneo', two C. sempervirens varieties which were patented in 2004 for their resistance to cypress canker. Both varieties are particularly suitable for ornamental purposes because of their fastigiated columnar habit and the low production of male flowers and cones. `Italico' and `Mediterraneo' represent the recent result of the breeding programme on cypress, in progress since the 1970s. This pr...
Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2015
Common cypress is widespread throughout the Mediterranean area, where since ancient times, it has been used as a multipurpose tree. In the past, cypress woods were also greatly exploited as a source of strong and durable timber, but nowadays, the availability of cypress timber is extremely limited. The creation of new cypress plantations with properly selected genotypes could sustain a valuable market for highquality timber. In this study, ten 25 year-old Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis canker-resistant clones grown in two plantations located in central Italy were assessed for timber production. The aim of the work was to evaluate the genetic and environmental influences on growth and morphological traits for each clone. Growth traits, branch characteristics (size and insertion angle) and heartwood content offered potential in the selection for timber quality and quantity, while the selection of clones based upon stem form and branch number did not seem easily practicable. Selection for growth should be based on tree height since it results in fewer adverse effects on other properties such as stem form and branching. Insertion angle resulted the most interesting trait, as it showed very high repeatability values and favourable genetic correlations. Heartwood content correlated positively with growth traits, so it may be indirectly favoured in the course of future improvements in clone productivity on the basis of growth. The marked effect exerted by site on all growth traits underlines the importance of identifying suitable locations for cypress plantations.
Newly-assessed fungicides for the control of cypress canker caused by Seiridium cardinale
Phytopathologia …, 2011
Bark canker caused by Seiridium cardinale is the most destructive disease of Cupressus and several Cupressaceae in many temperate regions and particularly in the Mediterranean area. Chemical prevention represents the most effective and essential means of control to protect plant production in nurseries and young plantations. The European Directive 2009/128/CE and CE 1107/2009 application have drastically reduced the number of chemicals that can be used in agriculture, including the benzimidazolic compounds that had shown the best results in preventing S. cardinale canker. It is therefore urgent to find alternative fungicides to replace the banned compounds. The purpose of the present work was to assess some fungicides through in vitro tests and pre-and post-inoculation sprayings on Cupressus sempervirens, for the control of S. cardinale. The active ingredients boscalid, fosetyl-aluminium, triadimenol and azoxystrobin were compared with thiophanate-methyl as reference. The effectiveness of thiophanate-methyl in reducing canker development was confirmed especially when it was applied to trees before they were inoculated with S. cardinale. Azoxystrobin was as effective as thiophanate-methyl in the pre-inoculation trials. boscalid prevented conidial germination and mycelial growth of S. cardinale in vitro and appeared a promising contact fungicide for the prevention of cypress canker. Azoxystrobin and boscalid are listed in a less hazardous class than thiophanatemethyl, and has less risk for the environment and for users.
Agrárias: Pesquisa e Inovação nas Ciências que Alimentam o Mundo VII, 2021
The height growth of the trees depends on sufficient mechanical support given by the stem and an effective hydraulic system. On unstable slopes, tree growth is affected by soil pressure from above and potential soil erosion from below the position of tree. The necessary stabilization is then provided by the production of mechanically stronger wood of reduced hydraulic conductivity. Unfortunately, the interaction between tree growth (both radial and axial) and stabilization in the soil is still insufficiently understood. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to quantify the impact of hillslope dynamics on the degree of tree growth and hydraulic limitation, and the potential effect on tree height growth and growth plasticity. To evaluate this effect, we took four cores from 80 individuals of Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior and measured tree-ring widths (TRWs) and vessel lumen areas (VLAs). The tree heights were evaluated using a terrestrial laser scanner, and local soil depth was measured by a soil auger. Our data showed a significant limitation of the tree hydraulic system related with the formation of eccentric tree-rings. The stem eccentricity decreased with increasing stem diameter, but at the same time, the negative effect of stem eccentricity on conduit size increased with the increasing stem diameter. Even though this anatomical adaptation associated with the effect of stem eccentricity differed between the tree species (mainly in the different degree of limitations in conduit size), the trees showed an increase in the proportion of hydraulically inactive wood elements and a lowered effectiveness of their hydraulic system. In addition, we observed a larger negative effect of stem eccentricity on VLA in Quercus. We conclude that the stabilization of a tree in unstable soil is accompanied by an inability to create sufficiently effective hydraulic system, resulting in severe height-growth limitation. This affects the accumulation of aboveground biomass and carbon sequestration.
Epidemiological History of Cypress Canker Disease in Source and Invasion Sites
Forests, 2017
Seiridium cardinale is a fungal pathogen responsible for pandemic cypress canker disease (CCD). The fungus has shown the ability to infect different hosts in many areas throughout the globe, but its spread and impact were favored by conducive environmental conditions. The most severe epidemics were reported in California and the Mediterranean, the former considered the source area of the pathogen from which the Mediterranean infestation have originated. Here we reconstruct the epidemiological history of the disease in California and the Mediterranean. Evolution of the disease in the two contrasting areas was weighed in relation to differences between the two environments in terms of climate, landscape properties, and adopted management practices. In addition, differences emerged among the source and invasive populations in terms of genetic and phenotypic variability, structure, and mode of reproduction allow a few comments to be made about the environmental implications and related quarantine of new introductory events.