A syntactic approach to logical modality (original) (raw)

This paper argues for a structural analysis of the sentence which differs from most of the current generativist proposals on the subject in that it projects two core features in the illocutionary shell: [±assertive] and [±indicative], to be found in the categories Force Phrase and Mood Phrase, respectively. We explore the relationship between these features and the rest of the functional categories in the representation, focusing on the particular behaviour of Tense Phrase in each of the cases. We also examine the syntactic implications of these features, to eventually provide an approach to logical modality which integrates sentences with modal verbs, that-subjunctive clauses and to-infinitives.

Sign up for access to the world's latest research

checkGet notified about relevant papers

checkSave papers to use in your research

checkJoin the discussion with peers

checkTrack your impact

Sign up for access to the world's latest research

Toward a syntax of the subjunctive mood

Lingua, 2009

In this paper I discuss the syntactic properties of the Italian subjunctive and their relevance at the syntax/semantics interface. The subjunctive mood plays a typical role in sequence of tense phenomena: languages that show the double access reading with the indicative, do not show it with the subjunctive, with some interesting exceptions. The double access reading is a peculiar interpretive effect having to do with the temporal location of the embedded event. I analyze the syntax associated with subjunctive clauses, and in particular the properties of the complementizer layer. I show that such properties systematically correlate with the interpretation assigned to the embedded clause, i.e., with the presence or absence of the double access reading. I argue that when the embedded clause has a double access interpretation, it contains a projection that is read off at the interface as pointing to the speaker's temporal coordinate. In the other, non-double access cases, such a projection is absent and therefore the speaker's coordinate does not intervene in the temporal interpretation of the embedded clause.

Predicate structure and the semantics of the English modal 'should'.

2020

The aim of the study described in this paper is to verify whether the structure of a modal predicate influences the type of modality expressed by the English modal verb should. The study uses language samples excerpted from The corpus of contemporary American English. It has adopted the model of the semantic field of modal expressions proposed by Angelika Kratzer. Additionally, this framework has been used to determine types of modality in this study. The analysis focuses on the interaction within the semantic field of the modal should with various forms of the main verb within the modal predicate structure.

On the Temporal Function of Modal Verbs

In semantic approaches to modality inspired by Kratzer (1981, 1991), modal verbs are construed as introducing possible worlds. An examination of the syntactic properties of English modals suggests a somewhat different perspective. On the one hand, English modal verbs belong to the class of auxiliary verbs which map spatial configurations defined in VP onto a temporal interval defined in TP, deriving events and states. On the other hand, English modal auxiliaries, like lexical modals in Romance, Germanic, and Old English, function as causative verbs: they bridge the gap between an input spatial configuration holding at some instant of time and an output configuration holding at the next instant of time by introducing an instrument capable of effecting the change of configuration. The grammar provides for two types of causality, intentional causality, in which the instrument of change is triggered and manipulated by a [+human] Agent, and metaphysical causality (cf. Condoravdi, 2002) in which the instrument of change needs no human trigger. It is claimed that causative verbs lack the lexical content motivating an Agent argument, and are thus necessarily associated with metaphysical causality. The [+human] subject of causative verbs, including modal verbs, is thus not to be construed as an Agent but rather as an instrument of metaphysical causality.

Asa Kasher, “Mood Implicatures: A Logical Way of Doing Generative Pragmatics,” Theoretical Linguistics, vol. 1, no. 1-3 (1974): 6-38

In this paper we present an extension of the model-theoretic framework of semantics in which some pragmatical aspects of natural language can be treated adequately. In ch.l we specify the scope of generative pragmatics. Ch. 2 outlines the formal framework of semantics. In ch. 3 we pose the problem of non-indicative sentences and in chs. 4 and 5 we reject the solutions suggested by Stenius, Aquist and Lewis. In ch. 6 we define some pragmatical concepts-preconditions and implicatures of various types-using them in ch. 7 to present a pragmatical characterization of moods in terms of preference-implicatures. Some ramifications are discussed. In ch. 8 we draw a distinction between basic preference-implicatures ("pragmemes") and derived ones. The derivations involve communication rules. In ch. 9 we outline the extended formal framework. Finally, in ch. 10, we present some open questions. 1 Richard Montague's papers will be published in a collection by Yale University Press. Meanwhile, consult Montague (1970) and Montague (1973). 2 Ross (1970) and Sadock (1969). 3 The reader who is fluent in some version of model-theoretical semantics may skip this chapter. See, however, the fourth conclusion of this chapter.

On the pragmatics of modal verbs

2017

This paper reflects on the nature of the contextual meaning that is often associated with modal verbs. Four examples are given of contextual effects that have been discussed in the literature: pragmatic strengthening and weakening, dynamic implication, strength of the modality and subjective vs. objective modality. It is argued that these four cases are not entirely similar when they are considered from the perspective of the semantics-pragmatics interface and the categorisation of modal meaning. This study shows what unites and what differentiates these four facets of the ‘pragmatics’ of modals.

On the Parallel between Pronouns, Tenses, and Modals

Abstract: Partee (1973) famously suggested that English tenses and personal pronouns behave in analogous ways. She concluded that these behavioral analogies speak for a referential theory of tenses. A couple of decades later, Stone (1997) argued that English modals exhibit the whole range of pronoun-like behaviors observed by Partee. Partee and Stone’s lines of argument have been quite influential in modern formal semantics. Taken together, they support the view that temporal and modal operators must be dispensed with in favor of variable-based logical forms. In the present paper I propose a way of resisting this conclusion. On the view that I put forward, tenses and modals are treated as context-sensitive and sub-sentential intensional operators. I argue that my approach predicts the right truth-conditions for sentences involving the pronoun-like uses of tenses and modals in which Partee and Stone were interested. Keywords: intensional operators, modals, pronouns, tenses

This document is currently being converted. Please check back in a few minutes.