Development of an animal repellent — selection, efficacy and presentation (original) (raw)
Related papers
The effectiveness of animal repellents on dogs and cats in the laboratory and field
Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 1984
A laboratory and field study of two animal repellents was conducted to determine the effectiveness of each on cats and dogs foraging from plastic garbage bags. In laboratory studies, 12 mixed-breed dogs, 18 beagle dogs and 8 cats were given a choice between commercial pet food in repellent-treated and non-treated plastic bags. Laboratory results showed that one repellent containing methyl nonyl ketone and cinnamic aldehyde reduced damage to bags 82.8% by mixed-breed dogs, 69.2% by beagle dogs, and 100% by mixed-breed cats. In the 3-month field study of 120 sites in urban (n = 21), suburban (n = 86) and rural (n ffi 13) environments, the plastic bags contained fried chicken, paper and tin cans. At any given site, all bags were untreated (control) or sprayed with a repellent. Fifty-two percent of the damage to garbage bags was done by dogs alone, 6% by cats alone, 21% by dogs and cats, and 22% by raccoons either alone or at sites also damaged by cats and dogs. Only 17.8% of the control garbage remained undamaged for 1 week, 56% was damaged the first day they were placed on the site. Methyl nonyl ketone reduced damage to garbage bags by 31.4% and cinnamic aldehyde plus methyl nonyl ketone reduced damage by 40.1% in field studies. It was concluded that the laboratory study did not adequately simulate field conditions, and that neither repellent would be of practical value in preventing scavenging by animals. These results are in agreement with other studies looking at the efficacy of olfactory repellents with dogs. It is concluded that adequate restraint of dogs and cats is the only highly effective method of preventing garbage scavenging by these animals.
Journal of Agricultural Science, 2012
Following the spread and increase of wild boar populations in Europe during the last decades, conflicts with humans have intensified also in Switzerland. Damage to crops and grassland augmented considerably and became unacceptable. Farmers and authorities are highly interested in efficient alternatives to the installation of costly and time consuming electric fences for crop protection. In the present study we investigated the effectiveness of a gustative repellent in field experiments with free-ranging wild boars in clover sowings, meadows, and wheat fields. Although we observed a slight trend towards a damage reduction, the results show, that the repellent was not able to prevent damage at a significant level. We further could not detect any area avoidance by the wild boars as a response to the repellent. On the basis of our findings we conclude that gustative repellents relying on learned avoidance as a consequence of negative experience are not a promising means for protection of crops and grassland from wild boar damage. We further discuss the effects of different agricultural crops and the anthropogenic influence on the frequency of damage.
Manipulating resource use by goats with predator fecal odors
Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2012
Feral goats (Capra hircus) are estimated to cause >AUD$25 million of losses to pastoralism per year. Feral goats contribute to soil erosion, shrub defoliation, pasture degradation, and compete with stock for browse. Feral goats also impact threatened plants such as curly barked wattle (Acacia curranii), and land degradation by goats is considered a Key Threatening Process under the Australian Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. However, many pastoralists supplement their incomes by harvesting feral goats for their meat, fiber, skins, and for live export; this is an industry worth >AUD$73 million/year. In consideration of the commercial industry associated with feral goats, we evaluated a non-lethal form of management using predator odors at The University of Queensland's Darbalara Research Farm (Australia) in 2008. We evaluated fecal samples from lion (Panthera leo), tiger (P. tigris), and dingo (Canis lupus dingo) as area deterrents. Dingo fecal odor was not an effective deterrent for goats. Tiger fecal odor affected goat movement patterns, which resulted in a shift away from the test area (P ¼ 0.01). The use of both lion and tiger fecal odors resulted in test animals moving their resting sites away from the test areas (lion, P ¼ 0.03; tiger, P ¼ 0.03). These results show that both lion and tiger fecal odors can be used to manipulate resource use by goats by affecting grazing patterns and shifting goat resting sites.
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005
Non-lethal methods of controlling wildlife foraging damage may offer conservation, ethical, legal and efficacy advantages over lethal control. Chemical repellents present a potential non-lethal approach, but have not been adequately researched in natural environments. Many previous studies have been poorly designed and a lack of data on individual behavioural responses has limited the practical development of repellents. We aimed to identify effective repellents for resolving feeding conflict with wild mammals, using European badgers Meles meles as models. 2. We tested the relative efficacy of capsaicin, cinnamamide and ziram, in a multichoice paradigm, using remote video-surveillance to obtain detailed behavioural observations of known free-ranging individuals. Treatment nights were alternated with control nights over 56 nights. 3. Badgers discriminated precisely between the four treatments, demonstrating a clear preference for untreated baits, followed by cinnamamide and capsaicin (in no particular order) and then ziram. 4. All untreated baits, and baits treated with capsaicin or cinnamamide, were eaten throughout the trial. 5. Ziram baits were fully consumed on treatment nights 1 and 2. Ziram consumption then declined to zero between treatment nights 3 and 9, this coinciding with a sharp rise in bait patch rejection. This 'learning curve' peaked at treatment night 7. We conclude that badgers developed conditioned taste aversion towards ziram-treated baits at this point. Ziram bait consumption was practically zero over the last 20 treatment nights (40 trial nights) and individuals avoided ziram baits, without sampling, for the last 12-22 treatment nights (24-44 trial nights). Observed changes in badger behaviour suggested that avoidance at a distance was facilitated by odour cues. 6. Synthesis and applications. This study provides proof of the concept that ziram has clear potential for reducing badger feeding damage through conditioned taste aversion to an odour. Our detailed observations allowed us to elucidate the behavioural mechanism involved, crucial for directing future development of this approach, thus demonstrating the importance of studying individual responses in wildlife management research. Second-order conditioning, such as this, might be applicable to managing other wild mammals. The next step will be to develop a strategy for use in wildlife damage situations.
Wildlife Research, 1991
Feral goats have been controlled in New Zealand by treating leaves of favoured food plants with the poison sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) in a suitable carrier, either carbopol gel or petrolatum grease. The effect of these 2 carriers on the most suitable plant species (mahoe), their retention of 1080, their comparative palatability to goats, and the acceptance of the least palatable, petrolatum, were studied in a series of trials. Both carriers caused baited leaves to absciss, and the rate of abscission increased when 1080 was included. Toxic petrolatum was 3 times less phytotoxic than carbopol and retained 1080 for much longer (carbopol lost most of its toxin after 200 mm of rain). Abscissed petrolatum-treated leaves retained much of their toxicity for at least a year. Goats detected and, to some extent, rejected leaves of all treatments, either by not eating them or by spitting them out (particularly petrolatum-treated leaves). However, use of iophenoxic acid as a bait m...
Effects of rain and fly harassment on the feeding behaviour of free-ranging feral goats
Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 1989
Brindley, E.L., Bullock, D.J. and Maisels, F., 1989. Effects of rain and fly harassment on the feeding behaviour of free-ranging feral goats. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] This paper describes the effects of rain and the headily (Hydrotaea irritans) on the feeding behaviour of feral goats. Rain reduced feeding bout lengths and caused an increase in the use of both man-made and natural shelter (vegetation), resulting in reductions in daily feeding time.
Spraying Effects on Goat Welfare in Hot and Humid Climate
American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2007
Heat stress is one of the major factors adversely affecting animal welfare and thus economic benefits of farms. This study was designed to determine the effects of three different spraying methods on goats for reducing heat stress. Thirty goats divided into three groups for the trial (One time sprayed a day: OTS, Two times sprayed a day TTS and Non-sprayed: Control). Respiration and pulse rates, rectal and surface temperatures (from head and udder skin) were taken three times a day (08.00-09.00, 16.00-17.00 and 12.00-01.00) on hot summer days in July-2005 under Mediterranean conditions. Some behavioural aspects such as eating, ruminating, drinking, walking and resting, daily feed and water consumption were regularly measured. The results showed that rectal temperatures (p≤0.005), pulse (p≤0.054) and respiration rates (p≤0.049), udder (p≤0.041) and head temperatures (p≤0.033) in three groups were significantly different. Depending on rising air temperature, rectal, head and udder temperatures and respiration and pulse rates increased during daytime and retired to normal level at night time. TTS goats were superior to the others regarding above-mentioned physiological data. TTS goats spent more time than OTS and Control goats while eating (p≤0.02), ruminating (p≤0.04) and walking (p≤0.01) but less time while drinking (p≤0.01) and resting (p≤0.01). Significant changes between three groups were ascertained regarding feed and water consumptions. TTS goats consumed more concentrate feed (p≤0.042) and alfalfa hay (p = 0.032) than other two groups, whereas Control groups consumed more water (p≤0.012) than the others. Ultimately, the spraying has positive effects on yearling goats for alleviating heat stress and improve animal welfare.
Veterinary Parasitology, 2001
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasitism is a major constraint to production of goats in the southeastern United States. The conventional method of control used by producers in this region is frequent use of anthelmintics during the warm season. Overuse of anthelmintics has led to an increase in the incidence of anthelmintic resistance in many parts of the world, but data on prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in GIN of goats in the southeastern United States are very limited. To address this issue, anthelmintic efficacy was determined in goat herds at the Fort Valley State University, Agricultural Research Station (FVSU-ARS) and the University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine (UGA-CVM) using fecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests and DrenchRite ® larval development assays (LDA). At FVSU-ARS, 2-year-old Spanish goat does were randomly allocated to one of nine different treatment groups (n = 10): albendazole (ABZ; 20 mg/kg body weight (BW)), fenbendazole (FBZ; 20 mg/kg BW), ivermectin (IVM; 0.4 mg/kg BW), doramectin (DRM; 0.4 mg/kg BW), moxidectin (MOX; 0.4 mg/kg BW), levamisole (LEV; 12 mg/kg BW), morantel tartrate (MOR; 10 mg/kg BW), a combination of IVM (0.4 mg/kg BW) and ABZ (20 mg/kg BW), and untreated controls. At UGA-CVM, goats were randomly allocated to one of five different treatment groups (n = 8): ABZ (20 mg/kg BW), IVM (0.4 mg/kg BW), MOX (0.4 mg/kg BW), LEV (12 mg/kg BW), and untreated controls. All drugs in both experiments were administered orally. : S 0 3 0 4 -4 0 1 7 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 4 1 7 -4 IVM, DRM, ABZ, MOR, and FBZ reduced FEC by 100, 91, 88, 78, 76, 62, 48, and 10%, respectively. In the UGA-CVM herd, MOX, LEV, ABZ and IVM, reduced FEC by 100, 94, 87, and 0%, respectively. In both herds moxidectin was the only drug tested that was fully effective. Results of the LDA were in agreement with results of the FECR tests for both herds. These data demonstrate the presence of GINs resistant to all three major anthelmintic classes in both goat herds.
Methyl anthranilate as pig repellent: Effects on the feeding behavior and production performance
Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 2022
Preventing pigs such as wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from accessing the farm can be blocked by installing fences or repellent to make them feel reluctant to access the farm. Most wild pigs were captured to prevent crop damage and incidence of African swine fever (ASF). Still, there is a limit to capturing them due to the rapid population growth. A study was conducted using "To Nature" repellent with an active ingredient of Methyl anthranilate (MA) to assess the effectiveness of MA as a pig repellent and determine its effect on feeding behavior and production performance. A total of eight female pigs [(Landrace x Yorkshire) x Duroc] were randomly arranged and used in the experiment for five weeks. Each treatment was replicated four times, having one pig in every replication. The feeders' position with MA repellent was shifted weekly with a ratio of 0.25% and mixed with 10kg of feed. The number of approaches of pigs to the feeder was monitored daily using a full HD CCTV 5-megapixel camera. A significantly lower number of approaches, feed intake, and total time spent feeding in the feeding trough was recorded from the feeder with MA repellent mixed in the diet. Regression analysis revealed a positive relationship in the feeding behavior of pigs in the feeder mixed with MA repellent in the diet. Therefore, 0.25% MA repellent can be used as pig repellent without adverse effects on the production performance of growing pigs.
2010
A field trial was conducted to test the anthelmintic effect of a single dose of 4g of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) in bolus form in indigenous goats belonging to small scale communal farmers in three areas in the Bergville district of Kwa-Zulu Natal Province, South Africa namely Dukuza, Ogade and Hoffenthal. Faecal egg counts (FECs) determined by both the McMaster and Pitchford-Visser methods, FAMACHA © scores, haematocrits (PCV), body condition scores (BCS) and live weights (Wt) of 172 indigenous goats belonging to 15 farmers were monitored on a four-weekly basis for a period of 53 weeks. Faecal cultures were done to determine the generic composition of the gastro-intestinal nematodes in the experimental animals. Monitoring commenced in October 2007 and extended to October 2008. During November 2007, a pilot faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), done on 75 goats not included in the trial, confirmed the efficacy of 12 mg/kg levamisole (Tramisol, Coopers, Afrivet, South Africa) in the area relative to three other anthelmintic groups. All trial goats were treated with 12 mg/kg levamisole when a FAMACHA © score of 3-5 was recorded. This allowed training of collaborating farmers in the FAMACHA © system and provided selective treatment of animals presumed to have high worm burdens. Trial animals were not dosed during December 2007 and January 2008 in order to allow normal seasonal worm burdens to develop unaffected by treatment intervention. In January 2008 (week 15 of the trial), when faecal egg counts were approaching peak numbers, the goats of each farmer were assigned to control and treated groups. The goats were ranked from highest to lowest according to faecal egg count obtained by the Pitchford-Visser method results for v week 13, i.e. the week of sampling of 7 January 2008. The goats were then sequentially paired and one of the two randomly assigned to the treated or the control group. The remaining one of the pair was then allocated to the group not allocated to the first of the pair. A bolus containing 4 g COWP was administered during the week of 21 January 2008 to each goat in the treated group. At the end of the trial (October 2008), the data were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the epidemiological variables between treated and control groups. The Pitchford-Visser and McMaster faecal egg count methods, on comparison, showed similar results, with no statistical differences evident between the counts. The Pitchford-Visser method, however, generally yielded higher values and was thus used for the analyses. Faecal egg counts were similar in all three trial areas with higher burdens experienced in Dukuza, followed by Ogade and Hoffenthal. High faecal egg counts coincided with the higher environmental temperatures and precipitation associated with the summer months (December-March). Faecal egg counts decreased from April onwards to reach negligible numbers in midwinter (June and July), increasing again during spring (October). A marked reduction in faecal egg counts was evident two weeks after COWP administration (week of 4 February 2008) in the treated groups of goats compared to those of the controls. The faecal egg counts of the treated groups of goats were significantly lower than those of the controls for all the groups analyzed, except for adult goats in the Hoffenthal area. The marked reduction in faecal egg counts was accompanied by a corresponding rise in PCV of the treated goats. This rise also proved to be significantly higher on analysis relative to those of the controls, except for the young group of goats in all three areas combined and for adult goats in the Hoffenthal area. In March 2008, six weeks after COWP administration, the faecal egg counts of the treated goats had returned to values comparable to those prior to COWP administration and similar to those of the control groups, with no statistical differences evident. The calculated percentage reduction in faecal egg count two weeks after COWP administration, for all areas combined was 89.5% for all goats, 87.7% for young goats and 89.8% for adults. The calculated efficacy for Hoffenthal was 91.5%, Ogade 95.3% and Dukuza 82.4%. Faecal cultures confirmed the predominance of Haemonchus in the trial areas. The administration of COWP therefore showed a marked, immediate effect in lowering faecal egg counts as determined two weeks after administration. The vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Topic