Characterization of historical lime plasters by combined non-destructive and destructive tests: The case of the sgraffito in Bożnów (SW Poland) (original) (raw)
Related papers
Characterization of mortars in historical modern monuments: a realistic and an analytical approach
DOI:http://www.rilem.org/gene/main.php?base=500218&id\_publication=82&id\_papier=3323 Structures embedding historical, artistic and scientific values and built after 1830 (the date of the establishment of the Modern Greek state) are defined as modern monuments according to Greek legislation. Although the period of documentation is restricted to the last 180 years, extended field survey and visual examination, traced a wide range of structural mortar mixtures in support of typical bearing masonries. The continuous and successful use of wet slaked lime putties has been documented through historical, socioeconomic and technological analysis of local construction practice combined with applied research (in situ, in the lab, and through market study). The obtained integrated background knowledge, the regular long-term monitoring of the old and repair mortars in a real site environment and the attained overall experience support ongoing conservation projects. Since the analytical chemical approach is too sophisticated and expensive for ordinary conservation work, the least amount of key laboratory tests -adequate to characterize a mortar and to control the available market materials- is crucial to enhance interventions’ quality and minimize the cost.
In order to design a restoration mortar with properties and composition similar to the original mortar, it is important to analyze the historic mortar in several ways. A combination of analyses give information about the mixing ratio between binder and aggregates, chemical composition of the mortar, additives, tool marks, application technique etc. This paper shows the variations in Swedish medieval lime mortars with a high rate of binder. By analysing historic mortar with a combination of ocular investigations, microscopically studies of thin section specimens, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Powder Diffraction, all the information needed for designing a restoration mortar, with composition and properties similar to the historic mortar, is gained.
2010
In order to design a restoration mortar with properties and composition similar to the original mortar, it is important to analyze the historic mortar in several ways. A combination of analyses give information about the mixing ratio between binder and aggregates, chemical composition of the mortar, additives, tool marks, application technique etc. This paper shows the variations in Swedish medieval lime mortars with a high rate of binder. By analysing historic mortar with a combination of ocular investigations, microscopically studies of thin section specimens, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Powder Diffraction, all the information needed for designing a restoration mortar, with composition and properties similar to the historic mortar, is gained.
Research project on ancient and contemporary lime mortars in the walloon region (Belgium)
These studies should improve our restoration habits, which could be usefully re-oriented in order to improve practices on the restoration sites and ensure the permanence of our monuments. The main aim is to understand better the short-, medium-, and long-term behaviour of lime mortars. Some 100 formulations have been developed for laboratory testing according to various standards. A dozen "basic recipes" that should enable us to determine the main differences in their mechanical behaviour according to their composition were subjected to the standardised tests first. Taking these formulae as our starting points, it should be possible to develop other formulae that are better suited for ancient buildings. Our analyse is using a new leading-edge technology, the scratching test, developed at Polytechnic Faculty of Mons (Faculté Polytechnique de Mons). At the same time, mortar samples from buildings and vestiges of all periods from all over the Walloon Region are being collecte...
In order to design a restoration mortar with properties and composition similar to the original mortar, it is important to analyze the historic mortar in several ways. A combination of analyses give information about the mixing ratio between binder and aggregates, chemical composition of the mortar, additives, tool marks, application technique etc. This paper shows the variations in Swedish medieval lime mortars with a high rate of binder. By analysing historic mortar with a combination of ocular investigations, microscopically studies of thin section specimens, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Powder Diffraction, all the information needed for designing a restoration mortar, with composition and properties similar to the historic mortar, is gained.
2005
The mineralogical characterisation of historic mortars is performed for a number of reasons related to the conservation of traditional structures. The reasons for analysis and the questions posed during the conservation, repair or restoration of an old building determine the analysis methods that will be chosen. A range of mineralogical characterisation methods is available for the study of historic masonry mortars. These include X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermal and Infra-Red methods. Sample preparation is important; adequate separation of binder from aggregate is required for instrumental as opposed to microscopic investigation methods. An ordered scheme of analysis can be developed and is presented in flowchart form. It is difficult, and perhaps unwise, to analyse a mortar with only one method of characterisation. Corroboration of evidence of identification and quantification for mineralogical composition is best supported by...
Chemical-mineralogical and physical-mechanical investigations of old mortars
1999
Problems with the fabric of many historic buildings involves damage to mortars, or damage related to interactions with mortars. Characterisation of the chemical and physical attributes of mortar (and allied materials such as render and grout) is often required in order to identify and remedy the causes of decay, or to specify compatible replacement materials. However, within the practical business of analysing the causes of damage, the relationships between sampling, analysis and cost are not always clear. In an effort to clarify this situation and to provide some advice on the options for investigation, the RILEM Technical Committee; "Characterisation of old mortars with respect to their repair" has as an aim: the determination of methods of analysis to be used on mortars to obtain information about their chemical-mineralogical composition and their physical and mechanical properties (1-9).
Characterization of Historic Mortar Samples and Period Analysis: A Case Study
12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, 2021
The Imperial Temple in Antiochia Ad Cragum is estimated to be first constructed at the end of 2 nd or start of 3 rd century, the time of the Severan dynasty. However, archaeological evidence also suggests that there were interventions during the Byzantine era, with burials over the temple platform, a wine press on the northern side, and walls constructed perpendicular to the temple on the southern side, use of which are unidentified. There is also a retaining wall in the back of the temple that holds the earth against erosion from the hill on the back, but it is curiously close to the Temple if built as part of original construction. The goal of this study is to investigate the authors' hypotheses of a multi-phase use and to identify which elements found on the site may be contemporary to each other by comparing the composition of mortar samples collected from different areas, supplemented by a geoarchaeological investigation. Five samples of mortar from the various areas around the temple were collected and tested using three methods: X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and thin section petrographic analyses. While all mortar samples include similar locally sourced hydrated lime and sand mixtures, three distinct construction styles are identified in the visual analysis of the building elements, the mortar analyses, and the geoarchaeological investigations. One sample from the walls of the wine press pool includes fibers. The unique interdisciplinary work utilizing both material analyses and geoarchaeology strengthens the conclusions that can be drawn from individual fields of study and provides more support for the hypotheses of the phased destruction and changing use of the monument.
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2020
In the frame of the HERACLES (HEritage Resilience Against CLimate Events on Site) project, a set of cultural heritage sites was studied to improve their resilience against climate events. The mediaeval Town Walls of Gubbio, in the centre of Italy, are among these. Over the centuries, several factors including environmental actions and structural and material repairs have produced different criticalities, involving both structure and materials. A severe problem consists in the progressive degradation of the mortars binding the masonry. Since the wall body structure behaves/reacts properly only if the cohesion between mortar and stones is sufficiently large, it follows that mortars degradation represents a quite significant issue that deserves a special attention. The present work focuses on the characterization of the mortars sampled in various parts of the Walls, corresponding to different historical periods, restoration measures and interventions. They were characterized to determine the corresponding mineralogical and chemical compositions along with morphological features and to investigate their mechanical properties. For that purpose, penetrometric and sclerometric tests on site and ex situ laboratory techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, were used to examine the weathering effects on mortars and more generally their degradation state, in order to plan appropriate restoration and repair actions.