Localized prostate cancer: can we better define who is at risk of unfavourable outcome? (original) (raw)
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Clinical genitourinary cancer, 2015
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy diagnosed in men. From a large population-based database, this study aimed to report prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) rates of men diagnosed with various presentations of prostate cancer and to examine the adequacy of the current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried for all patients diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1997 to 2005. PCSM was reported by the classification of extent of disease provided by the SEER database, for clinically staged and pathologically staged cohorts. Using the cumulative incidence method, PCSM at 10 years for all patients (n = 354,326) was 5% for clinically localized (CL) lesions, 7% for T3aN0M0, 14% for T3bN0M0, 26% for T4N0M0, 27% for TanyN1M0, and 66% for TanyNanyM1. Within the pathologically staged subgroup (n = 108,135), PCSM at 10 years was 1% for CL lesions, 4% for T3aN0M0, 9% for T3bN0...
Very-high-risk localized prostate cancer: definition and outcomes
Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, 2013
Purpose-Outcomes in men with NCCN high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) can vary substantially-some will have excellent cancer-specific survival, whereas others will experience early metastasis even after aggressive local treatments. Current nomograms, which yield continuous risk probabilities, do not separate high-risk PCa into distinct sub-strata. Here we derive a binary definition of very-high-risk (VHR) localized PCa to aid in risk stratification at diagnosis and selection of therapy. Materials and Methods-We queried the Johns Hopkins radical prostatectomy database to identify 753 men with NCCN high-risk localized PCa (Gleason sum 8-10, PSA >20 ng/ml, or clinical stage ≥T3). 28 alternate permutations of adverse grade, stage, and cancer volume were compared by their hazard ratios for metastasis and cancer-specific mortality. VHR criteria with top-ranking hazard ratios were further evaluated by multivariable analyses and inclusion of a clinically meaningful proportion of the high-risk cohort. Results-The VHR cohort was best defined by primary pattern 5 present on biopsy, or ≥5 cores with Gleason sum 8-10, or multiple NCCN high-risk features. These criteria encompassed 15.1% of the NCCN high-risk cohort. Compared to other high-risk men, VHR men were at significantly higher risk for metastasis (H.R. 2.75) and cancer-specific mortality (H.R. 3.44) (p <0.001 for both). Among high-risk men, VHR men also had significantly worse 10-year metastasis-free survival (37% vs 78%) and cancer-specific survival (62% vs 90%). Conclusions-Men who meet VHR criteria form a subgroup within the current NCCN high-risk classification who have particularly poor oncologic outcomes. Use of these characteristics to Users may view, print, copy, download and text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:
Prostate Cancer, Version 1.2014
Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2013
The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines ®) are a statement of consensus of the authors regarding their views of currently accepted approaches to treatment. The NCCN Guidelines ® Insights highlight important changes in the NCCN Guidelines ® recommendations from previous versions. Colored markings in the algorithm show changes and the discussion aims to further understanding of these changes by summarizing salient portions of the panel's discussion, including the literature reviewed. The NCCN Guidelines Insights do not represent the full NCCN Guidelines; further, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network ® (NCCN ®) makes no representation or warranties of any kind regarding the content, use, or application of the NCCN Guidelines and NCCN Guidelines Insights and disclaims any responsibility for their applications or use in any way. The full and most current version of these NCCN Guidelines are available at NCCN.org.
High-Risk Prostate Cancer: From Definition to Contemporary Management
European Urology, 2012
Context: High-risk prostate cancer (PCa) is a potentially lethal disease. It is clinically important to identify patients with high-risk PCa early on because they stand to benefit the most from curative therapy. Because of recent advances in PCa management, a multimodal approach may be advantageous. Objective: Define high-risk PCa, and identify the best diagnostic and treatment patterns for patients with clinically localized and locally advanced disease. A critical analysis of published results following monomodal and/or multimodal therapy for high-risk PCa patients was also performed. Evidence acquisition: A review of the literature was performed using the Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases as well as the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Evidence synthesis: High-risk PCa accounts for 15% of all new diagnoses. Compared with patients with low-and intermediate-risk PCa, patients with high-risk PCa are at increased risk of treatment failure. Unfortunately, no contemporary randomized controlled trials comparing different treatment modalities exist. Evaluation of the results published to date shows that no single treatment can be universally recommended. Most often, a multimodal approach is warranted to optimize patient outcomes. Conclusions: A significant minority of patients continue to present with high-risk PCa, which remains lethal in some cases. Outcomes following treatment of men with highrisk tumors have not substantially improved over time. However, not all high-risk patients are at the same risk of PCa progression and death. At present, a multimodal approach seems the best way to achieve acceptable outcomes for high-risk PCa patients.
Clinical Genitourinary Cancer, 2018
The current prognosis group from American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) guidelines shows some contradictory results. We suggest that pathologic Gleason score should be weighed more than prostatespecific antigen level in predicting patient prognosis. Our new stratification system showed better prognostic ability than the current system. Introduction: The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor, node, metastasis classification system (TNM) staging manual has been updated and provides more specified stage grouping for prostate cancer (PCa). We aimed to validate the updated AJCC stage groups for PCa using a radical prostatectomy (RP) cohort. Patients and Methods: We analyzed the data of 3032 patients previously treated with RP for localized PCa. We stratified patients into stage groups according to the 8th edition of the AJCC manual and compared biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival using Kaplan-Meier analyses. Results: There were 217 patients in stage group I, 33 in IIA, 1101 in IIB, 535 in IIC, 129 in IIIA, 781 in IIIB, and 236 in IIIC. There were no significant differences in BCR-free survival between stage groups IIC and IIIA (P ¼ .875). Subsequently, the loweGleason score (GS) IIIA subgroup (GS 3 þ 4, P ¼ .025) showed superior BCR-free survival than the IIC group, and the high-GS IIIA subgroups (GS 4 þ 3, P ¼ .004) showed a poorer BCRfree survival than the IIC group. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between groups I and IIA (P ¼ 330) and between groups IIA and IIB (P ¼ .942). Our new staging system provided a better ability to discriminate the prognosis of each group. However, our study has several limitations, such as retrospective design, relatively short follow-up period, and need for further validation. Conclusion: The current AJCC prognostic groups show some contradictory results, particularly concerning prognosis of the IIC and IIIA groups. We suggest that GS be given more weight than serum prostate-specific antigen level in stage group stratification.
Prostate Cancer, Version 1.2016
Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2016
The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines ®) are a statement of consensus of the authors regarding their views of currently accepted approaches to treatment. The NCCN Guidelines ® Insights highlight important changes to the NCCN Guidelines ® recommendations from previous versions. Colored markings in the algorithm show changes and the discussion aims to further the understanding of these changes by summarizing salient portions of the NCCN Guideline Panel discussion, including the literature reviewed. These NCCN Guidelines Insights do not represent the full NCCN Guidelines; further, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network ® (NCCN ®) makes no representation or warranties of any kind regarding the content, use, or application of the NCCN Guidelines and NCCN Guidelines Insights and disclaims any responsibility for their applications or use in any way. The full and most current version of these NCCN Guidelines are available at NCCN.org.
Predictors of Histological Disease Progression in Untreated, Localized Prostate Cancer
The Journal of Urology, 2007
Active surveillance for early prostate cancer is a policy of close monitoring with radical treatment targeted at cases with evidence of disease progression. There is no consensus on the need for or optimum timing of repeat biopsies as part of active surveillance. Materials and Methods: In a prospective cohort study of active surveillance 119 patients with untreated localized prostate cancer (T1/2a), prostate specific antigen less than 15 ng/ml, Gleason score 3 ϩ 4 or less and 50% or less positive cores underwent repeat biopsy after 18 to 24 months. Histological disease progression was defined as primary Gleason grade 4 or greater, greater than 50% positive cores or a Gleason score increase from 6 or less to 7 or greater. The risk of histological disease progression was analyzed with respect to baseline clinical factors. Results: Median patient age was 66 years and median initial prostate specific antigen was 6.6 ng/ml. Histological disease progression was seen in 33 of 119 cases (28%). On multivariate analysis prostate specific antigen density (p ϭ 0.002) and maximum percent involvement of any core (p ϭ 0.04) were significant independent determinants of histological disease progression. Progression was seen in 22 of 40 cases (55%) with prostate specific antigen density 0.2 ng/ml/ml or greater and greater than 15% maximum involvement of any core. Progression was seen in 2 of 33 cases (6%) with prostate specific antigen density less than 0.2 ng/ml/ml and 15% or less maximum involvement of any core. Conclusions: Repeat biopsy should be an integral part of active surveillance for untreated localized prostate cancer. Immediate repeat biopsy should be considered in patients who elect active surveillance but who have prostate specific antigen density greater than 0.2 ng/ml/ml. These findings must be validated in a cohort of patients with extended biopsies at diagnosis and followup.