Book Review Spanish Peru 1532-1560, A Colonial Society. By JAMES LOCKHART (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968. (original) (raw)
A GENEALOGICAL HISTORY OF SOCIETY
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Social Estates, Occupation, and HISCO: A New Study of Odesa in 1897
East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies
Odesa was one of the largest and most important cities in the Russian Empire. Numerous studies have addressed the economic development and social structure of Odesa, but there are some gaps in the knowledge of the social stratification during the nineteenth century. Although most studies of the social and economic histories of Ukraine provide qualitative or highly aggregated quantitative data, micro-data at the level of individuals and households in Ukraine are rare. This paper provides new micro-data from the 1897 census in Odesa. It is the first attempt to code occupations of Odesa workers according to the Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations (HISCO). Of the 2,435 individuals in the 457 sampled households analyzed, 1,443 individuals demonstrate 86 of the unique occupations coded with the international HISCO scheme. The analysis compares these HISCO occupations by the social estates, the gender, and the language of the surveyed individuals. The study conf...
Blood, Land and Power. The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Nobility and Lineages in the Early Modern Period, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2021
The analysis of land management, lineage and family through the case study of early modern Spanish nobility from sixteenth to early nineteenth century is a major issue in recent historiography. It aims to shed light on how upper social classes arranged strategies to maintain their political and economic status. Rivalry and disputes between old factions and families were attached to the control and exercise of power. Blood, land management and honour were the main elements in these disputes. Honour, service to the Crown, participation in the conquest and ‘pure’ blood (Catholic affiliation) were the main features of Spanish nobility. This book analyses the origins of the entailed-estate (mayorazgo) from medieval times to early modern period, as the main element that enables us to understand the socio-economic behaviour of these families over generations. This longue durée chronology within the Braudelian methodology of the research aims to show how strategies and family networks changed over time, demonstrating a micro-history study of daily life.
2015
It is posited here that the commons operated as an effective institution of poverty relief throughout NW Spain. It is argued that commons were essential for poor parishioners and landless families, not because they were short of means and this aroused the compassion of their neighbours, but instead because the poor were members of the community and were protected by rights such as the use of common lands, and by a whole fabric of customs, rights of use and rights of access. Firstly, common lands provided those peasants of little means with a minimum amount of income. Accordingly, within a situation of high prices for staples or in times of scarcity, the commons acted as a kind of insurance against abject poverty: the commons not only protected the peasants against price fluctuations, as a tract of communal land and the livestock farmed on the commons also provided independence from wage-earning labour. In addition, many villages upheld servitudes, users’ rights and other common rights, along with solidarity commitments for aiding those members of the community in a more serious state of vulnerability or stricken by misfortune. A distinctive feature of these expressions of solidarity was their statutory nature: they were often regulated, and featured in council bylaws; in other words, together with informal practices of mutual assistance and reciprocities based on family, community or clientelist relationships, there were solidarity rules of mandatory compliance for all the members of the community. It is shown that the communal regime in NW Spain was extremely variable, dynamic, and capable of adapting to circumstances, guaranteeing the equilibrium between agriculture and livestock farming, between cultivated and uncultivated areas, and between the population and the resources available. Nevertheless, during the period under study, factors such as state intervention, the penetration of a new market model, and the growth in the population compromised these delicate balances. Accordingly, the survival of common lands provided peasants with mechanisms different from the market, thus making the transition to a market economy more socially sustainable, inasmuch as values of solidarity and collective organisation tempered the influence of market capitalism. In NW Spain, the peasants did not reject the market, and nor were their solidarities a defence against it, but they resorted to traditional collective action to defend against outside interferences and resituate themselves within a world increasingly penetrated by relations of capitalist production. On the other hand, community-based solidarities in the 19th century, which emerged in the Early Modern Age as a way of minimising the limitations imposed by poverty, became a cohesive feature of rural communities at a time when their customs and livelihoods were under threat. In short, the commons were vital for many households; on the one hand, common lands were a basic point of departure for those who formed a family, and a support for many with little land; on the other, community-based solidarities were an insurance against adversity. Although the commons and community-based solidarities did not impede the widespread impoverishment of the peasantry, they constituted a way of distributing means and agricultural resources and an assurance of the more or less equitable sharing of usages, avoiding the accentuation of differences within the community.
Ephemeral Splendor and A Lengthy Tradition: The Peruvian Aristocracy of the Late Colonial Period
Socioeconomic analysis of the group of noble graduates at the end of the colonial period in Peru, in a comparative study with similar groups in Latin America, taking into account their family characteristics, their properties, economic and professional dedications, income levels, strategies for accessing the title. , conservation and transmission of pampering, political behavior, relations with the viceregal administration, etc. Análisis socioeconómico del grupo de nobles titulados a fines del periodo colonial en el Perú, en un estudio comparativo con similares grupos en América Latina, atendiendo a sus características familiares, sus propiedades, dedicaciones económicas y profesionales, niveles de renta, estrategias de acceso al título, conservación y transmisión de los mimos, comportamientos políticos, relaciones con la administración virreinal, etc. ISBN-10: 0-7546-5459-1