Diffusive exchange of PAHs across the airewater interface of the Kaohsiung Harbor lagoon, Taiwan (original) (raw)
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Diffusive exchange of PAHs across the air–water interface of the Kaohsiung Harbor lagoon, Taiwan
Journal of Environmental Management, 2012
Instantaneous airewater polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exchange fluxes were calculated in 22 pairs of ambient air and water samples from Kaohsiung Harbor lagoon, from December 2003 to January 2005. The highest net volatilization (3135 ng m À2 day À1 ) and absorptive (À1150 ng m À2 day À1 ) fluxes in the present study were obtained for the three-ring PAH phenanthrene on 7 April and 27 January 2004, respectively. All PAH diffusive fluxes for three-ring PAHs except phenanthrene were mainly volatilization exchange across the airewater interface. Phenanthrene and the four-ring PAHs were absorbed primarily from the atmosphere and deposited to the surface water, although some minor volatilization fluxes were also observed. Differences in flux magnitude and direction between the dry and wet seasons were also evident for PAHs. Strong absorptive/weaker volatilization PAH fluxes occurred in the dry season, but the opposite was found in the wet season. The mean daily PAH diffusive fluxes were an in flux of À635 ng m À2 day À1 in the dry season and an efflux of 686 ng m À2 day À1 in the wet season. The integrated absorbed and emitted fluxes of PAHs for harbor lagoon surface waters in the dry and wet seasons were 3.1 kg and 3.4 kg, respectively. Different from water bodies located in temperate zone, phenanthrene diffusive fluxes in Kaohsiung Harbor lagoon was favored in volatilization from surface waters during the wet season (April to September) because of scavenging by precipitation and dilution by prevailing southwesterly winds. In addition, this study used both of salinity and temperature to improve estimation of Henry's law constants (H) of PAHs in a tropical coastal area and show that correction for salinity produced 13e15% of differences in H values.
Environmental Forensics
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated waterbodies can cause serious pollution to the adjacent atmosphere through volatilization. Gas-particle partitioning of PAHs controls the atmospheric concentrations of these pollutants. PAH levels in gaseous and particulate air samples were investigated near two polluted lagoons along the eastern coast of the Red Sea. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze nine priority parent PAHs and nine methylated PAHs. Total gaseous and particulate PAHs ranged from 12.2 to 397.5 ng m À3 , with an average of 125.6 ± 117.3 ng m À3 , which was nearly 10-fold higher than that found in a previous study. Particulate PAHs (ranging from 0.04 to 16.32 ng m À3 , with an average of 2.56 ± 1.71 ng m À3) contributed to less than 20% of the total atmospheric PAHs. Applied diagnostic indices showed that gasoline emissions were the main sources of PAHs in the lagoons' atmosphere. Multiparameter statistical analyses indicated that wind speed strongly affected the distribution of atmospheric PAHs. The average PAH gas-particle partitioning coefficient was 0.49 m 3 mg À1 (ranging from 2.1 Â 10 À8 to 51.23 m 3 mg À1) and was significantly correlated with supercooled liquid vapor pressure. In addition to the effects of meteorological parameters and vehicle exhausts in the study area, the discharge of wastewater in the lagoons elevated PAH levels in the surrounding atmosphere.
Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2018
The air-water exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is an important process in determining the fate, transport and chemical loadings of these contaminants in the atmosphere and water bodies. Concentration levels of PAHs in air (gaseous and particulate) and surface water were investigated in the environments of two polluted lagoons along the eastern coast of the Red Sea to study air water exchange and dry deposition fluxes. Nine priority parent PAHs and nine methylated PAHs were identified and quantified by GC-MS. The range of total PAHs in surface water was from 120.29 ng L-1 to 524.45 ng L-1 (average: 308.7 ng L-1 , n=19). The PAHs levels in air recorded significant rise form the previous study. The probable sources of dissolved PAHs in water were found predominantly to be of petrogenic origin in one lagoon and of pyrogenic origin in the other lagoon. The dry deposition fluxes for individual congeners ranged between 0.01 ng m-2 d-1 to 2.82 µg m-2 d-1. After Henry's law constant corrections for temperature and salinity; the airwater exchange fluxes were found in the range of-9.7x10 4 to 8.6x10 6 ngm-2 d-1 with an average of 6.8x10 5 ngm-2 d-1. Beside the other sources of PAHs in the studied lagoons, high
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), even at low concentrations, have been shown to trigger changes in life cycles and provoke abnormal behaviors in numerous marine organisms. From May 2019 to September 2020, particulate and dissolved PAH concentrations were analyzed on the surface water of West Nanao Bay, Japan, to determinate their levels, emission sources, environmental pathways, and ecological risks at this remote but semi-enclosed bay. The 14 targeted PAHs were analyzed by HPLC-fluorescence detector. Mean total PAH concentrations were lower than 20.0 ng L−1 for most samples. Based on fluoranthene (Flu) to pyrene (Pyr) ([Flu]/[Flu + Pyr]) and benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) to chrysene (Chr) ([BaA]/[BaA + Chr]) isomeric ratios and a varimax rotated PCA, it was established that biomass combustion was the principal source in the particulate phase and that liquid fossil fuel combustion was the principal source in the dissolved phase. From salinity and turbidity distribution, riverine ...
Environmental Science & Technology, 2003
Harbors, marinas, and coastal environments are impacted by important pollutant loadings, particularly of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Air-water exchange is an important process driving the environmental fate of organic pollutants in aquatic environments. However, its relevance as a factor affecting the environmental fate of pollutants from harbor sediments and waters has not been properly assessed, so far, except for few coastal environments. The objective of this study is to quantify the importance of volatilization losses of PAHs from harbor sediments and waters and to study the potential role of sea breeze as a modulator of air-water exchange in coastal environments. The results show that volatilization fluxes from a medium size marina located in the NW Mediterranean sea are relatively high in comparison to those observed in other aquatic systems, particularly for the low molecular weight (MW) compounds. This is consistent with PAHs profiles observed in harbor sediments, which are depleted by the lower MW hydrocarbons. Therefore, volatilization is an important loss of low MW PAHs such as phenanthrene, methyl phenanthrene, dibenzothiophene, etc. Indeed, these PAHs have a residence time of few days in the harbor waters and sediments. Finally, the diurnal trends in volatilization fluxes mimics that of the sea breeze influenced wind speed. These results show the important role that the diurnal sea breeze exerts on the environmental fate of pollutants such as PAHs in coastal environments as a modulator of air-water exchange and as a potential driver of transport of pollutants between adjacent coastal and terrestrial environments.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2002
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, n ϭ 36) were measured in the gas and particle phases in the atmosphere and the dissolved and particle phases in the waters of the New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary, USA, during a weeklong intensive field campaign in July 1998. Mean total (gas ϩ particulate) phenanthrene and pyrene concentrations were 3.3 and 0.33 ng/m 3 , respectively, over Raritan Bay, and 14 and 1.1 ng/m 3 , respectively, over New York Harbor. Similar PAH profiles (p values Ͻ 0.01) in the atmospheric gas phase and the dissolved phase in water demonstrate the close coupling of the air and water compartments. Air-water exchange fluxes of PAHs estimated using shore-based air data lead to erroneous flux estimates when compared to those derived using over-water air samples. The gross absorptive air-water flux dominates atmospheric loadings (wet, dry particle, gas absorption) to the estuary for PAHs of molecular weight Ͻ234 g/mol. Dry particle deposition is increasingly more important for the higher-molecular-weight, particle-bound PAH species. Gross volatilization dominates gross absorption for the majority of PAHs in the New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary.
Atmospheric Environment, 1999
Multivariate statistical techniques were used to investigate source apportionment and source/sink relationships for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban and adjacent coastal atmosphere of Chicago/Lake Michigan in 1994}1995. The PAH signatures for the atmospheric particle phase, surface water particle phase and sediments indicate that atmospheric deposition is the major source of PAHs to the sediments and water column particulate phase of Lake Michigan. The PAH signature for the atmospheric gas phase and water dissolved phase indicate an intimate linkage between the lake and its overlying atmosphere. A modi"ed factor analysis-multiple regression model was successfully applied to the source apportionment of atmospheric PAHs (gas#particle). Coal combustion accounted for 48$5% of the PAH concentration in both the urban and adjacent coastal atmosphere, natural gas combustion accounted for 26$2%, coke ovens accounted for 14$3%, and vehicle emissions (gas#diesel) accounted for 9$4%. Each is an identi"ed source category for the region. These results are consistent with the mix of fossil fuel combustion sources and ratios of indicator PAHs.
Polysyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river water in Kanazawa City
2006
Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are classified as persistent organic pollutants. They exist ubiquitously in various environmental components. In a multi-phases system of water environment, hydrophobic organic contaminants like PAHs exist in several different forms causes PAHs to exhibit a complicated behavior in their distribution and transport. For these reasons, understanding the distribution, behavior and transport of PAHs in water environment is the essential to evaluate the dispersion of the contamination as well as the pollution of PAHs and to manage and to control PAHs level in environment. To understand, evaluate, and control the level of PAHs in water environment as well as propose a prediction for future condition, monitoring is the foundation of creating the data base for clarifying the distribution and analyzing dynamics of PAHs in water environment. We chose the rivers in Kanazawa as a case study to investigate the dynamic of PAHs in water environment. Kanazawa locates in Hokkuriku Area of Japan, and has two main rivers, Asano River and Sai River, flowing into the Sea of Japan. As the Sea of Japan is a relative closed water environment surrounded by the Asian continent, Korea peninsula and Japanese archipelago, it is considered to be vulnerable to the anthropogenic pollution. However, no data are currently available. Monitoring PAHs in these rivers have been carried since Nov. 2004 to create a database of PAHs level in these two rivers. This study focuses on the distribution and partition of PAHs in water, particulate matter and sediment at the estuaries of these two rivers. Sampling and analysis Water and surface sediment at the estuaries of the rivers were collected from Asano and Sai Rivers. Sampling period was from Nov. 2004 to Aug. 2006 in monthly frequency except for Mar. and Apr. 2005. SPM was separated from water by filtration through 0.5 m glass fiber filter. PAHs in water, SPM, sediment were quantified by HPLC/Fluorescence detector. Partition coefficients K d were calculated as Eq.(1)