Improvement of depression following transcranial magnetic stimulation (original) (raw)
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Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation of the human motor cortex
2001
Non-technical summary. Non-invasive neuromodulation of the human brain -with pulsed magnetic fields or small direct currents -is becoming increasingly popular for treating a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present work we investigated in healthy humans the possibility of a non-invasivemodulation of motor cortex excitability by the application of static magnetic fields through the scalp. We found that transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) can reduce the excitability of the motor cortex for a period that outlasts the time of the application of the magnetic field. Moreover, we demonstrated that these excitability changes take origin at the cortical level. These results suggest that tSMS using small static magnets may be a promising tool to modulate cerebral excitability in a noninvasive, painless and reversible way.
Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) of the human motor cortex
The Journal of Physiology, 2011
Non-technical summary Non-invasive neuromodulation of the human brain -with pulsed magnetic fields or small direct currents -is becoming increasingly popular for treating a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present work we investigated in healthy humans the possibility of a non-invasive modulation of motor cortex excitability by the application of static magnetic fields through the scalp. We found that transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) can reduce the excitability of the motor cortex for a period that outlasts the time of the application of the magnetic field. Moreover, we demonstrated that these excitability changes take origin at the cortical level. These results suggest that tSMS using small static magnets may be a promising tool to modulate cerebral excitability in a non-invasive, painless and reversible way.
Clinical applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with movement disorders
The Lancet Neurology, 2008
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method of non-invasive brain stimulation that aff ects the cerebral cortex but not deep structures. In patients with movement disorders the most common application of TMS has been to test the excitability of connections within and among motor areas of the cortex, which has provided useful information on pathophysiology; however, inter-individual variability in the responses has resulted in diffi culties in translating this method into a clinically applicable diagnostic use. Repeated stimulation (eg, 1 Hz for 20 min) can result in long-term plastic changes in the motor system, which has led to increased interest in possible therapeutic applications. In this Review, we describe the theoretical background to TMS techniques and discuss the uses of TMS as a potential diagnostic tool in movement disorders. The diffi culties in bringing the technique into regular clinical diagnostic practice will be discussed and the evidence for the potential of repetitive TMS as a therapeutic tool in patients with movement disorders will be reviewed.
Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS)
Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2015
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS) are indirect and noninvasive methods used to induce excitability changes in the motor cortex via a wire coil generating a magnetic field that passes through the scalp. Today, TMS has become a key method to investigate brain functioning in humans. Moreover, because rTMS can lead to long-lasting after-effects in the brain, it is thought to be able to induce plasticity. This tool appears to be a potential therapy for neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the effects induced by TMS and rTMS have not yet been clearly identified. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the main knowledge available for TMS and rTMS to allow for understanding their mode of action and to specify the different parameters that influence their effects. This review takes an inventory of the most-used rTMS paradigms in clinical research and exhibits the hypotheses commonly assumed to explain rTMS after-effects.
Brain Research, 1995
Aim of the study was to analyze the characteristics of motor action potentials recruitment during magnetic trans-cranial stimulation (KS) of the brain. Coaxial needle recordings from hand and upper limb musculature, as well as surface electrodes were employed in 20 healthy controls during magnetic TCS with regular and figure-of-8 coil in different experimental protocols including: (a) simple reaction time paradigm during which TCS at subthreshold intensity for eliciting EPs in relaxation was delivered at various intervals between the signal to move and the onset of the voluntary EMG burst; (b) prathreshold TCS was randomly delivered while the subject was voluntarily firing at a regular rate one 'low' and/or 'high thre$!gold' motor unit action potcl**!~*I (MUAP), The pre-and post-TCS MWAPs recruitment as well as their firing rates were comphncd; (c) recordings with two separate needles picking up iradiuidrtal MUM% from the same or from two different muscles were obtained in order to test ,:+r?chrony" df MUAP's discharge before and after TCS; (d) the influence of the time-interval separating the last discharged MUAP ~~~~~ KS was evaluated, (e) differences between simultaneous surface and depth recordings were examined. The fdhing re~:dts wt+vc obtained. (a) The same low-amplitude MUAP which is first voluntarily rccruitcd at the onset of the E s thr NZ i:&ially fired by TCS in the prc-movcmcnt period. Latency shortenings and :$?nliQr& cn!XPrrri'nt of surface were uhsvr\~,~I with faster reaction times. Such changes wcrc coupled to the recruitment 01 hrgh-threshold MUAPs being in amplitude LN! briefer in latency than the initial one, (b) When usin suprathreshold TCS, MEPs followed by silent s were ft~nd, l'b s SP was followed by a rebound acceleration of the M APs firing rate compared with pre-TCS Icvcls.
Mechanisms and State of the Art of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
The Journal of ECT, 2002
In 1985, Barker et al. built a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device with enough power to stimulate dorsal roots in the spine. They quickly realized that this machine could likely also noninvasively stimulate the superficial cortex in humans. They waited a while before using their device over a human head, fearing that the TMS pulse might magnetically "erase the hard-drive" of the human brain. Almost 10 years later, in 1994, an editorial in this journal concerned whether TMS might evolve into a potential antidepressant treatment. In the intervening years, there has been an explosion of basic and clinical research with and about TMS. Studies are now uncovering the mechanisms by which TMS affects the brain. It does not "erase the hard-drive" of the brain, and it has many demonstrated research and clinical uses. This article reviews the major recent advances with this interesting noninvasive technique for stimulating the brain, critically reviewing the data on whether TMS has anticonvulsant effects or modulates cortical-limbic loops.