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Dynamic power management with power network-on-chip
A critical challenge in multifunctional heterogeneous systems-on-chip is delivering high quality dynamically controlled power to support power efficient and portable systems. Efficiently providing multiple point-of-load on-chip voltages requires fundamental changes to the power delivery and management process. The concept of a power network on-chip (PNoC) is introduced here as a general scalable platform for delivering and managing power. This network provides enhanced power control and real-time management of resource sharing for systematic and scalable management of the power delivery process in heterogeneous integrated circuits. To evaluate the performance of the proposed power delivery and management system, a PNoC with four power routers is investigated which supplies power to four power domains. The behavior of the individual power domains is modeled with IBM power grid benchmarks. The proposed architecture and circuits for sensing, routing, and dynamic control of the on-chip power are described. The built-in modularity of the PNoC is exploited to apply dynamic voltage scaling, illustrating the scalability of the PNoC platform while exhibiting power savings of up to 32%.
On-Chip Power Delivery and Management
2016
Novel market segments such as intelligent transportation, revolutionary health care, sophisticated security systems, and smart energy have recently emerged, requiring increasingly diverse functionality such as RF circuits, power control, passive components, sensors/actuators, biochips, optical communication, and microelectromechanical devices. Integration of these non-digital functionalities at the board-level into system platforms such as systems-in-package (SiP), systems-on-chip (SoC), and three-dimensional (3-D) systems is a primary near-and long-term challenge of the semiconductor industry. The delivery and management of high-quality, highly efficient power have become primary design issues in these functionally diverse systems. Integrated in-package and distributed on-chip power delivery is currently under development across a broad spectrum of applications; the power delivery design process, however, is currently dominated by ad hoc approaches. The lack of methodologies, architectures, and circuits for scalable on-chip power delivery and management is at the forefront of current heterogeneous system design issues. The objective of this book is to describe the many short-and longterm challenges of high-performance power delivery systems, provide insight and intuition into the behavior and design of next-generation power delivery systems, and suggest design solutions while providing a framework for addressing power objectives at the architectural, methodology, and circuit levels. This book is based on the body of research carried out by the authors of previous editions of this book from 2001 to 2011. The first edition of the book, titled Power Distribution Networks in High Speed Integrated Circuits, was published in 2004 by Andrey V. Mezhiba and Eby G. Friedman. This first book focused on onchip distribution networks, including electrical characteristics, relevant impedance phenomenon, and related design trade-offs. On-chip distributed power delivery, at that time an innovative paradigm shift in power delivery, was also introduced in the book. As the concept of integrated power delivery evolved, the important topic of on-chip decoupling capacitance was added to the book, which was released in 2008 with a new title, Power Distribution Networks with On-Chip Decoupling Capacitors by Mikhail Popovich, Andrey V. Mezhiba, and Eby G. Friedman. Later, this book was revised by Renatas Jakushokas, Mikhail Popovich, Andrey V. Mezhiba, vii viii Preface to the Fourth Edition Preface to the Third Edition The first planar circuit was fabricated by Fairchild Semiconductor Company in 1959. Since then, the evolution of the integrated circuit has progressed, now providing billions of transistors on a single monolithic substrate. These integrated circuits are an integral and nearly essential part of our modern life. The power consumed by a typical 20 20 mm 2 microprocessor is in the range of several hundreds of watts, making integrated circuits one of the highest power consumers per unit area. With such a high rate of power consumption, the problem of delivering power on-chip has become a fundamental issue. The focus of this book is on distributing power within high-performance integrated circuits. In 2004, the book titled Power Distribution Networks in High Speed Integrated Circuits by A. V. Mezhiba and E. G. Friedman was published to describe, for the first time in book form, the design and analysis of power distribution networks within integrated circuits. The book described different aspects of on-chip power distribution networks, starting with a general introduction and ending with a discussion of various design trade-offs in on-chip power distribution networks. Later, the important and highly relevant topic of decoupling capacitance was added to this book. Due to the significant change in size and focus, the book was released in 2008 as a new first edition with a new title, Power Distribution Networks with On-Chip Decoupling Capacitors by M. Popovich, A. V. Mezhiba, and E. G. Friedman. Since this revised book was published, new design and analysis challenges in onchip power networks have emerged. The rapidly evolving field of integrated circuits has required an innovative perspective on on-chip power generation and distribution, shifting the authors' research focus to these new challenges. Updating knowledge on chip-based power distribution networks is the primary purpose for publishing a second edition of Power Distribution Networks with On-Chip Decoupling Capacitors. Focus is placed on complexity issues related to power distribution networks, developing novel design methodologies and providing solutions for specific design and analysis issues. In this second edition, the authors have revised and updated previously xi xii Preface to the Third Edition published chapters and added four new chapters to the book. This second edition has also been partitioned into subareas (called parts) to provide a more intuitive flow to the reader. The organization of the book is now separated into seven parts. A general background, introducing power networks, inductive properties, electromigration, and decoupling capacitance within integrated circuits, is provided in
Distributed On-Chip Power Delivery
IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, 2012
The performance of an integrated circuit depends strongly upon the power delivery system. With the introduction of ultra-small on-chip voltage regulators, novel design methodologies are needed to simultaneously determine the location of the on-chip power supplies and decoupling capacitors. In this paper, a unified design methodology is proposed to determine the optimal location of the power supplies and decoupling capacitors in high performance integrated circuits. Optimization algorithms widely used for facility location problems are applied in the proposed methodology. The effect of the number and location of the power supplies and decoupling capacitors on the power noise and response time is discussed.
Heterogeneous Methodology for Energy Efficient Distribution of On-Chip Power Supplies
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2000
To provide a high quality power delivery system, the power needs to be regulated on-chip with ultra-small locally distributed power efficient converters. Historically, power efficient switching converters require large physical area, while compact linear power supplies exhibit high power conversion losses, which are not ideal for on-chip integration. To exploit the advantages of existing power supplies, a heterogeneous power delivery system is proposed. The power efficiency of the system is shown to be a strong function of the on-chip distribution of the power supplies. The optimal power distribution system with minimum power losses is determined by exhaustively comparing the power efficiency for all possible power supply topologies. A heterogeneous system with ten on-chip voltage domains and an optimal power distribution network has been evaluated, demonstrating up to 93% power efficiency. A power efficient clustering of the on-chip power supplies with linear computational complexity is also proposed. Heterogeneous power delivery systems with up to 100 on-chip voltage domains have been evaluated with power supplies distributed with linear computational complexity. A maximum 1.5% drop in power efficiency from the optimal solution has been observed, yielding a near optimal and high fidelity power supply distribution system. Index Terms-Linear regulator, power conversion, power distribution, power regulation, power system management, switchedmode power supply.
Distributed power network co-design with on-chip power supplies and decoupling capacitors
International Workshop on System Level Interconnect Prediction, 2011
With each technology generation, the power delivery network becomes larger and more complicated, making the system analysis process computationally complex. The rising number of on-chip power supplies and intentional decoupling capacitors inserted throughout an integrated circuit further complicates the analysis of the power distribution network. Interactions among the on-chip power supplies, decoupling capacitors, and load circuitry are investigated in this paper. The on-chip power supplies and decoupling capacitors within the power network are simultaneously co-designed and placed. The effect of physical distance on the power supply noise is investigated. This methodology changes conventional practices where the power distribution network is designed first, followed by the placement of the decoupling capacitors.
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 2000
Multiple supply voltages are often utilized to decrease power dissipation in high performance integrated circuits. On-chip power distribution grids with multiple supply voltages are discussed in this paper. A power distribution grid with multiple supply voltages and multiple grounds is presented. The proposed power delivery scheme reduces power supply voltage drops as compared to conventional power distribution systems with dual supplies and a single ground by 17% on average (20% maximum). For an example power grid with decoupling capacitors placed between the power supply and ground, the proposed grid with multiple supply and multiple ground exhibits, respectively, 13% and 18% average performance improvement. The proposed power distribution grid can be an alternative to a single supply voltage and single ground power distribution system.
Simultaneous co-design of distributed on-chip power supplies and decoupling capacitors
23rd IEEE International SOC Conference, 2010
The effective design of power distribution networks has become highly challenging with each technology generation. The power delivery network is becoming large, making the system analysis process computationally complex. The large number of on-chip power supplies and intentional decoupling capacitors inserted throughout an integrated circuit further complicates the analysis of the power distribution network. To fully exploit the on-chip power supplies and decoupling capacitors, a new design methodology is required to simultaneously design the power distribution network that considers all of the power supplies and decoupling capacitors. Interactions among the power supplies, decoupling capacitors, and active circuitry are investigated in this paper utilizing a computationally efficient methodology. The effect of physical distance on the power supply noise is investigated. A design methodology for simultaneous placement of the on-chip voltage regulators and decoupling capacitors is also described in this paper. This methodology changes conventional practices where the power distribution network is designed first, followed by the placement of the decoupling capacitors.
Energy efficient adaptive clustering of on-chip power delivery systems
Efficient on-chip power delivery is a significant design challenge in heterogeneous real time systems with multiple power domains. The power efficiency of the overall heterogeneous power delivery system has recently been shown to be a strong function of the clustering of the power suppliesthe specific configuration in which the power converters and regulators are co-designed. A recursive clustering algorithm with polynomial computational complexity is proposed for a dynamically controllable power distribution system. The algorithm is evaluated on IBM power grid benchmark circuits, yielding up to a 21% increase in power efficiency, and orders of magnitude speedup in runtime.
A fast decoupling capacitor budgeting algorithm for robust on-chip power delivery
ASP-DAC 2004: Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference 2004 (IEEE Cat. No.04EX753)
In this paper, we present an efficient method to budget on-chip decoupling capacitors (decaps) to optimize power delivery networks in an area efficient way. Our algorithm is based on an efficient gradient-based non-linear programming method for searching the solution. Our contributions are an efficient gradient computation method (time-domain merged adjoint network) and a novel equivalent circuit modeling technique to speed up the optimization process. Experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm is capable of efficiently optimizing very large scale P/G networks.