Structural equation modeling for assessing of the sustainability of rural water supply systems (original) (raw)
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PREDICTION OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS SUSTAINABILITY USING A MATHEMATICAL MODEL
One of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) targets is halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation facilities in 2015. Government of Indonesia will develop water services in the future, particularly for rural poor communities, to achieve the target. It is expected that developed water supply systems for the poor in the future are sustainable. However, it is difficult to ensure the success of the developed systems. To know the success or failure of the developed systems, a tool to predict sustainability of water supply system in the future is needed. Study on rural water supply systems sustainability using a mathematical model has resulted prediction of the sustainability. The model is obtained from data analysis of rural water supply systems in Brantas River Basin, East Java, Indonesia using the structural equation modeling (SEM). The data were quantitative and qualitative ones that consist of physical condition of region, social economic, water supply management, as well as water quality. Results of the study are mathematical equation of sustainability model, level of sustainability, and recommended methodology for decision-making of rural water supply projects. This model needs nine data input, they are availability of water sources, selection of technology, investment cost, technical operation, institutional management, existence and ability of operator, availability of spare parts, operation cost, and community participation. The prediction produces sustainability index that can be classified into three levels, they are low sustainability (index = 0.052 to 1.320), moderate sustainability (index = 1.321 to 1.914), and high sustainability (index = 1.915 to 2.507).
Journal of Social Science
Water is one of the basic needs that must be met by all human beings. In fulfilling this, the government's participation plays a very important role, limited fund management is a scourge that is feared by the government so that the coverage of community-based drinking water services with independent management from the community is the first step in overcoming the current achievement of access to drinking water. However, in its development the SPAM system built has experienced different developments. This study aims to determine the sustainability of community-based drinking water service systems by looking at the supporting factors for the sustainability of community-based drinking water services. This study uses a qualitative method which uses a case study method. The research design used a holistic multi-case study using two research villages, namely Sukadana Village and Ababi Village. From the research results it can be seen that community-based drinking water supply has dif...
SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR POOR COMMUNITIES
Experiences in the third world countries showed that the failures of water supply developments were caused by less community participation and less acceptability to the new technologies. In era after 2000, the Government of Indonesia had been carrying out water supply development, particularly for rural poor communities. To improve water services in the future, sustainability of the services is very important. Sustainability is indicated by three indicators, i.e. customer satisfaction, financial benefit, and possibility of system improvement. Some factors that influence sustainability of water supply system have been studied. The study was carried out in several locations of water supply systems in East Java-Indonesia, especially in the rural areas of Brantas River Basin. The study used methodology of quantitative and qualitative research with case study and survey approaches. The study was carried out by distributing questionnaires to find the perceptions of communities and water committee regarding to the technical, financial, social, and institutional aspects in the water supply system. The result of the research shows that sustainability of rural water system is affected dominantly by technology selection, institutional ability, and community participation. The result of the research may also be used as recommendation to formulate strategy of rural water supply development.
Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 13th International Interdisciplinary Studies Seminar, IISS 2019, 30-31 October 2019, Malang, Indonesia, 2020
The Indonesian government has not been able to serve 100% of the community's drinking water needs, especially rural communities. Rural communities meet drinking water needs in their areas by managing drinking water supply independently. Population growth, changes in land use, economic development, and environmental pollution have the potential to reduce the quantity and quality of water at its source. These changes require the ability to adapt the water supply community groups through management of endogenous and exogenous dynamism of organizations. This study aims to increase community capacity in managing the sustainability of water supply. The strategy to achieve the aim is based on a structural model developed. The structural model will show the factors determined that is the most influential and effective pathway to achieve the aims. This study uses survey techniques to collect data from community drinking water users provided by a community group of villages in the District of Poncokusumo, Malang, Indonesia. The analytical method is SEM-PLS with an analysis program using WarpPLS. Factors of the study are the social profile of the community, the regulatory/policy enforcement, the use of technology, the community empowerment, and the community capacity. Enforcement of regulations/policies is the most important factor influencing community capacity building in providing sustainable drinking. The effective path in the model is the social profile of the community developed through community empowerment. The important thing to include is embedding regulatory/policy enforcement in the community empowerment's agenda.
Civil Engineering and Architecture
The provision of rural drinking water in Bali Province is mostly managed independently by the community. The rural drinking water supply system is sufficient to contribute to community drinking water services. Preservation of raw water sources and the environment through the application of local wisdom Tri Hita Karana greatly determines the sustainability of raw water source management in rural drinking water supply systems in Bali Province. The method of analyzing the sustainability status of raw water management from the social, economic, ecological, technological, and institutional dimensions uses the Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) method. The sustainability index on the analysis results on the ecological dimension is 63.52%, the economic dimension is 51.82%, the social dimension is 55.59%, the technological dimension is 49.30% and the institutional dimension is 51.20%. The status of sustainability with sufficient categories is found in the ecological, economic, social, and institutional dimensions. The lever factor on the sustainability dimension of raw water management in the rural drinking water supply system in Bali Province is 21 attributes of the lever factor. The leverage factor attribute in each sustainability dimension is very sensitive to the sustainability index value. In the dimension of technology sustainability, there are 5 attributes of lever factors that need to be repaired, refined, and improved, including facilities and infrastructure for rural drinking water supply systems for the sustainability of the technological dimension.
Water
The sustainability of the water supply program in developing countries is influenced by many inter-linked and dynamic factors, suggesting the need to analyse the system behaviour of the water supply program. However, no study analyses factors influencing the sustainability of rural drinking water supply programs holistically, and this study aims to fill that gap. This study utilized a system dynamics approach based on a case study of a community-based rural drinking water supply program (PAMSIMAS in Bahasa) in Magelang Regency, Indonesia. Five sustainability aspects were considered in the model development and simulation: financial, institutional, environmental, technical, and social aspects. Eight scenario analyses related to those five aspects were conducted. The causal loop diagrams suggest that the overall loop in the system is reinforcing, meaning that the improvement in one aspect will improve the overall condition of the system and deterioration in one aspect will reduce the ...
2019
Sustainability of point water facilities is a major development challenge in many rural settings of developing countries not sparing those in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. This study was done in Zimbabwe to investigate the factors influencing sustainability of rural water supply systems. A total of 399 water points were studied in Nyanga, Chivi and Gwanda districts. Data was collected using a questionnaire, observation checklist and key informant interview guide. Multi-Criteria analysis was used to assess the sustainability of water points and inferential statistical analysis such as Chi square tests and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to determine if there were significant differences on selected variables across districts and types of lifting devices used in the study area. The thematic approach was used to analyze qualitative data. Results show that most water points were not functional and only 17% across the districts were found to be sustainable. A fusion of social, technical, financial, environmental and institutional factors was found to be influencing sustainability. On technical factors the ANOVA results show that the type of lifting device fitted at a water point significantly influences sustainability (F ¼ 37.4, p < 0.01). Availability of spare parts at community level was found to be determining the downtime period of different lifting devices in the studied wards. Absence of user committees was found to be central in influencing sustainability as water points that did not have user committees were not sustainable and most of them were not functional during the time of the survey. Active participation by communities at the planning stage of water projects was also found to be critical for sustainability although field results showed passive participation by communities at this critical project stage. Financial factors of adequacy of financial contributions and establishment of operation and maintenance funds were also found to be of great importance in sustaining water supply systems. It is recommended that all factors should be considered when assessing sustainability since they are interrelated.
International Academic Journal of Information Sciences and Project Management (IAJISPM) | ISSN 2519-7711, 2018
Access to water is key in promoting resilience and livelihoods in arid and semi-arid lands. Sustainable management of water supply projects would ensure water for drinking, domestic, livestock and other productive uses is enhanced to support inhabitant’s livelihoods. The government and civil society organizations have implemented many projects worth millions of investments but still facing sustainability challenges over a period. The study objectives were to evaluate the choice of technology influence on sustainability, to determine the level at which socio-economic factors influence sustainability, to evaluate influence of socio cultural factors on sustainability, to identify influence of water tariffs on sustainability and finally to determine the influence of specialized training of service teams on sustainability of water supplies projects for rural communities in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands. The research was guided by four capital model theory. The research adopted a descriptive research methodology to collect quantitative and qualitative data from a sample size of 384 from a target population of 32, 226 served by 17 boreholes, focus group discussions with three water management committees and three key informants. Simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents who are water supplies projects beneficiaries. Data was collected using well-structured questionnaires, interview schedules and focus group discussion guides. The data was cleaned of errors, verified and coded. Using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 21), descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically, and the findings presented. The study findings show that there is a positive relationship between sustainability of water supply projects and choice of technology, socio-economic factors, socio-cultural factors, water tariffs and specialized training of service teams. The significance values for relationship between sustainability of water supply projects and choice of technology, socio-economic factors, socio cultural factors, water tariffs and specialized training on technical knowledge and skills influence of magnitude 0.000, 0.004, 0.006, 0.000 and 0.001 with water tariffs and choice of technology being the most significant factors. Training, availability of spare parts and water abstraction technology were prerequisite towards sustainability resulting to reliable access to water dur to minimal breakdowns. There was lack of involvement and participation in water supply development process including tariff setting with household consumption a major factor to consider in tariff setting. Socio-cultural factors were found not to influence sustainability of water supply projects. Researcher recommends selection of appropriate technologies such as solar powered systems in place of generators to reduce costs of regular maintenance due to lack of trained technicians, Training of service team and water committees technical and management of water supply projects and advocacy for local entrepreneurs to become stockiest of spare parts required for existing systems. Finally, water supply projects conduct life cycle cost analysis to help in setting tariffs able to raise operations and maintenance. Further study is recommended on factors influencing sustainability of water supply projects for rural communities in Arid and Semi-Arid
In the past, municipal water supply systems generally comprise collection works, purification works, transmission works and distribution works which are concerning with engineering aspect. Population growth, industrialization, economic growth and the development of quality of life are some example in increasing demand of water supply. To fulfil the need for water supply, not only depend on engineering aspect but also another aspect should be taken into account. Integrated water supply system approach which will consider natural environment, engineering aspect, and socioeconomic and community participation aspect should be applied. Characteristics of raw water, water treatment technology alternative, water production cost, willingness to pay, implementing and law enforcement on current regulation are other aspect to be considered in sustainability of water supply system. Nowadays, river is the main alternative of source of water among other sources of raw water. However, characteristic of the surface water has been setting worst basically caused by people activities as well as the effect on climate change. Adaptive technology should also an option to accommodate the change of characteristics of the raw water in produce safe water. In general water treatment plant in Indonesia was constructed for 15 and 40 years ago. The development on water treatment plant technology to produce drinking water that meet drinking water standards will affect to the water production cost as a result will also affect to willingness to pay of the water supply consumer. Many regulation concerning with water supply have already been set up and produced which is not only protecting the water resources and the environment from pollution, but also managing the community as well as government obligation. Index Term-integrated water supply system, characteristics of raw water, adaptive technology, willingness to pay.
Sustainable Rural Water Management Model
2021
Household water supply and sanitation conditions in the rural human settlements (villages) continue to be inadequate, in spite of the long-standing efforts at the government and community's level. Adequate sanitation and water supply are development priorities, yet the ambition of international policy on drinking water and sanitation is not there. Globally, eight out of ten people suffer from of unimproved sanitation facilities, and six out of seven people defecate in the open in rural areas (Bartram and Cairncross [2]. Under millennium development goals (MDGs), the increase in the access to improved water supply and sanitation facilities in rural areas of India from 1990 to 2015 was 64% to 93% and 6% to 28%, respectively [12]. Health problems, especially in rural areas, are often related to sanitation conditions of the surroundings. Any form of sanitation system in developing countries should have the main objective of controlling pathogenic materials, which can be achieved by employing the on-site treatment options, like waste stabilization ponds, constructed wetlands, etc. Apart from acting as a barrier to the spread of pathogenic organisms, the on-site sanitation options have an added advantage of dispersing rather than concentrating the wastes, an important consideration if the sanitation facilities are not well maintained [5]. Poor technology choice is the most common reason for failure of the water supply and sanitation projects in rural areas. For increased success, stakeholders should be sensitized about the sustainability criteria associated with the water supply and sanitation projects [1]. Montgomery and Elimelech [8] identified three components,