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Mutagenicity of ipriflavone in vivo and in vitro
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
a b s t r a c t Ipriflavone (7-isopropoxy-isoflavone) is a semisynthetic isoflavone derivative from daidzein and prescribed to prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. In the present study, ipriflavone was investigated with regard to their cytotoxic and mutagenic effects using the micronucleus assay (MN) in vivo on cells of bone marrow and peripheral blood of Swiss albino mice and the micronucleus test with the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN assay) on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The studies were performed in mice with three dosages of the drug, 1.71, 8.57 and 42.85 mg/kg bw in single oral exposure, and for two dosages, 5 and 10 lg/mL in the CBMN assay. Ipriflavone, in the dosages tested, did not differ from controls neither in the induction of MN nor induced cytotoxicity to cells in the in vivo test. However, in the CBMN assay, the concentration of 10 lg/mL induced a statistically significant increase in MN formation and decreased cell proliferation, demonstrating to be mutagenic and cytotoxic at this concentration.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2002
There is limited information on the prevalence of the potent mutagen 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) in U.S. water supplies. We measured MX concentrations and mutagenic activity in tap water samples from 36 surface water systems throughout Massachusetts. We found MX levels much higher (up to 80 ng/L) than previously reported in the United States. We also evaluated the role of water treatment on mutagenic activity and disinfection by-product formation. After adjusting for other covariates, chloramination and filtration were the most important treatment options for reducing mutagenic activity and disinfection by-product formation. Multiple chlorine application (before and after filtration) was associated with increased mutagenicity. Chlorine dose, pH, and total organic carbon were also associated with mutagenicity, MX, and total trihalomethane (TTHM) concentration. Seasonal variation was evident for MX and mutagenic activity, with higher levels occurring in the spring compared to the fall. In contrast, TTHM concentrations were greater in the fall.
Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 1999
Ž. w x Ž. 3-Chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2 5H-furanone MX formed during chlorination of water containing natural organic substances, is a very potent bacterial mutagen. Recently, tumours at multiple sites were reported in rats given MX-containing drinking water. We have investigated the genotoxicity of MX in mammalian cells exposed in vitro and in Ž. vivo using alkaline filter elution to detect DNA single-strand breaks andror alkali-labile sites SSBs. Concentrations as high as 100 and 300 mM MX were required to induce detectable levels of SSBs in the HL-60 cells. If MX treatment was Ž. carried out in the presence of DNA repair inhibitors AraC plus hydroxyurea , the sensitivity of the assay to detect MX-induced SSBs was increased by a factor of 100. The presence of serum proteins during exposure resulted in a minor reduction of the MX-induced DNA damage in HL-60 cells at the lowest MX concentrations. In primary cultures of testicular Ž. cells as well as in resting human peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBMC , a slightly increased level of SSBs was observed at MX-concentrations above 30 mM, this effect was not further increased by repair inhibitors. In LLC-PK renal
Water Research, 2001
}An extremely potent mutagen, 3-chloro-4(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) is commonly present in chlorinated drinking water. Due to its high mutagenic activity and according to WHO guidelines its concentration should be controlled in drinking waters. Determination of MX is difficult due to the low (ppt) levels at which the compound usually exists in drinking waters. Results obtained with butanols as MX derivatization agents are shown and derivatization with sec-butanol is presented as a method which significantly lowers GC/MS detection levels of MX.
Mutagenesis, 2016
2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF) and furfuryl alcohol (FFA) are two substituted furans that are formed during the processing of foods and have also been used as food flavorings. DMF and FFA are proposed to be bioactivated by human sulfotransferases (SULTs) which are not expressed in conventional cell lines used for genotoxicity testing. Therefore, in addition to the standard V79 cell line, we used a transfected V79 derived cell line co-expressing human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 and human SULT1A1 to assess the genotoxicity of DMF and FFA. The alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay was used to detect DNA damage in the form of single strand breaks and alkali-labile sites after exposure to DMF (0.5h; 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2mM) or FFA (3h; 1, 3, 6 or 15mM). DMF induced DNA damage in V79 cells in a concentration-dependent manner irrespective of the expression of human CYP2E1 and SULT1A1. Almost no increase in the level of DNA damage was detected after exposure to FFA, except for a weak eff...
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2000
The brominated hydroxyfuranone structurally related to the potent mutagen MX, namely 3-chloro-4-(bromochloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (BMX-1), has been synthesized and characterized. The mutagenic activity of this bromohydroxyfuranone together with those of its analogs BMX-2 and BMX-3 has been assessed by employing the Ames test with the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. The mutagenic potencies in TA100 without S9 metabolic activation were 22.05 Ϯ 3.15 revertants/ng for BMX-1, 28.64 Ϯ 2.65 revertants/ng for BMX-2, and 37.29 Ϯ 5.73 revertants/ng for BMX-3, whereas in the TA98 strain without metabolic activation, they were six-to ninefold lower. Studies carried out on the stability of these halogenated furanones suggest that the mutagenic activity observed is more related to the cyclic form of these derivatives.
Assessment of the potential in vivo genotoxicity of fluoranthene
Mutagenesis, 1996
Although fluoranthene is mutagenic in bacterial and mammalian in vitro cell systems following metabolic activation by rat liver fraction, information on in vivo mutagenicity is lacking and studies on tumour initiating activity in mice are equivocal. In the present study, the potential genetic hazard to man was assessed using the mouse bone marrow micronudeus and rat liver unscheduled DNA synthesis test systems. Fluoranthene did not show any evidence of genotoxicity in either of the in vivo assays following acute oral administration at levels of up to 2000 mg/kg b.w.
Journal of Chromatography A, 1997
An extremely potent mutagen, 3-chloro-4(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) is commonly present in chlorinated drinking water. Due to its high mutagenic activity and according to World Health Organization guidelines its concentration should be controlled in drinking waters. Determination of MX is difficult due to ppt levels at which the compound usually exists in drinking waters. Derivatization of MX with 2-propanol is presented as a method which significantly lowers the GC-MS detection level compared to other alcohol derivatization agents.
In vivo Ipriflavone Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity after Repeated Treatment Doses
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 10 (2022) 313-315, 2022
Ipriflavone is a semi-synthetic compound derived from soy and is used by humans as an alternative to hormone replacement, similar to phytohormones. Our study aimed to evaluate the mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of ipriflavone on bone marrow of rodents after repeated doses of treatment. In order to assess the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of ipriflavone, male mice received different doses of ipriflavone (1.71, 8.57 and 42.85 mg.kg-1) for five consecutive days. The rodent bone marrow micronucleus assay was used to verify mutagenicity and the ratio between polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes was used to verify cytotoxicity. Our findings suggest that ipriflavone does not induce mutagenic DNA damage, however, repeated use of ipriflavone at 1.71 or 42.85 mg.kg-1 can trigger cytotoxic damage. For the conditions tested, the treatment clinic dose (8.57 mg.kg-1) was the only one that did not induce mutagenic or cytotoxic damage. Our findings reinforce the safe use of ipriflavone and corroborate those found in the literature.