Oil Refining and Products (original) (raw)
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Petroleum Chemistry, 2014
In this research, a process is discussed for upgrading reformate and power former in Iraq's Al Doura refinery, by reducing the amount of benzene in the gasoline product with simultaneous reduction in the gasoline's ASTM distillation end point. The process consists of fractionation of the reformate and power former to recover that fraction (90-180°C) of hydrocarbons. This was directly used as gasoline without fur ther conversion. The heavy bottom fraction (180°C-EBP) consisting of the aromatic and non aromatic hydrocarbons was recovered and used as antiknock additives to gasoline. The other fraction with (IBP-90°C) was used as feedstock to producing benzene by solvent extraction. The reformate and power former fractions (90-180°C) are blended with light straight run naphtha at ratio (75 : 25) to producing gasoline as well as Al Doura gasoline. It was found that the amount of benzene was reduced from 1.41 wt % in the original pool to 1.37 and 1.31 in the alternative products. Engine emissions were also reduced when using the alterna tive products compared with original pool product.
Petro Chemical, 2018
Petroleum (Crude oil) consists of mainly carbon (83-87%) and hydrogen (12-14%) having complex hydrocarbon mixture like paraffins, naphthenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, gaseous hydrocarbons (from CH4 to C4H10). Crude oil also contains small amount of non-hydrocarbons (sulphur compounds, nitrogen compounds, oxygen compounds) and minerals heavier crudes contains higher sulphur. Hydrocarbons Paraffins (Alkanes) are straight carbon chain of methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane and hexane with general formula CnH2n+2 Boiling point increases as the number of carbon atom increase from 25 to 40, hence paraffin becomes waxy. Iso-paraffins (Iso-alkanes) are branched carbon chain of Iso-butane, Iso-pentane, neo-pentane, and iso-octane. The number of possible isomers increases with increase in number of carbon atoms. Olefins (Alkenes) are one pair of carbon atoms of ethylene and propylene. With general formula CnH2n Olefins are not present in crude oil, but are formed during process undesirable in the product because of their high reactivity. Low molecular weight olefins have good antiknock properties. Naphthenes are 5 or 6 membered carbon atom ring of cyclo-pentane, methyl cyclo-pentane, and dimethyl cyclo-pentane. With general formula CnH2n+2-2Rn where Rn is number of naphthenic ring The average crude oil contains about 50% by weight naphthenes. Aromatics are 6 membered carbon atom ring with three around linkage. Like benzene, toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene, cumene and naphthalene. Aromatics are not desirable in kerosene and lubricating oil. Benzene is carcinogenic and hence undesirable part of gasoline.
Lab: CTEBC - Low Carbon Energy and Technology Center, 2019
According to Price, Leigh C. (1997) Stachel, T; Anetta Banas; Karlis Muehlenbachs; Stephan Kurszlaukis; Edward C. Walker (2006) for the formation of oil is necessary a non-oxidizing environment, thus, it is assumed a deposition environment composed of sediments of low permeability, inhibiting the action of circulating water inside. The technical composition of oil, also called crude oil, can be defined as a complex naturally occurring mixture consisting predominantly of hydrocarbons (up to 90% of its composition) and organic sulfur derivatives (such as mercaptans, sulfides, thiophenes (in the form of pyridine, pyrrole, quinoline, porphyrins, etc.), oxygenates (present as carboxylic and naphthenic acids, phenol, cresol) and organometallic acids.
Principal Developments The past quarter-century has seen two outstanding developments in petroleum technology. The first is the great increase in technical knowledge that has arisen from so much research. The petroleum scientists of 25 years ago made good use of the tools they had at hand, but they simply did not possess the extensive thermodynamic information and other fundamental knowledge now available. It was only after physical chemists had compiled data on the behavior of naturally occurring hydrocarbon mixtures—as well as on pure hydrocarbons—that chemical engineers could develop formulas for predicting the performance of fractionation towers and other equipment. Knowledge of the detailed composition of petroleum, so conspicuous by its absence 25 years ago, has also been supplied, mainly by the A P I cooperative research projects. Part of the general increase in technology arose from improved techniques in pilot plant operation and interpretation. Studies with small quantities of material provided reliable data for the design of large scale units which could be counted upon to operate successfully. This pilot plant work was greatly facilitated by the parallel development of modern instruments and automatic controls. The second notable achievement of the past 25 years has been the catalytic revolution. Thermal cracking, the great achievement of the previous 25 years, was a notable advance, but chemists were not exactly surprised to find that hydrocarbons will undergo pyrolysis. Conversions depending on catalysts were less foreseeable. Catalytic cracking has been the most important of these new processes, but such synthetic processes as polymerization, alkylation, isomerization, and hydroforming also represent a series of great new forward steps—particularly as the operating conditions in some instances were severe. Fortunately, engineers had learned to handle, with safety, temperatures and pressures formerly considered too high to be feasible in plant operation. A rough review indicates that about 60% of the gasoline coming from American refineries consists of new molecules, made in the refinery and not present in the crude oil ι In PROGRESS IN PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1951