ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO PHARMACEUTICAL EFFLUENTS (original) (raw)
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Pharmaceutical compounds in drinking water
Journal of Xenobiotics, 2016
Pharmaceutical products and their wastes play a major role in the degradation of environment. These drugs have positive as well as negative consequences on different environmental components including biota in different ways. Many types of pharmaceutical substances have been detected with significant concentrations through various advanced instrumental techniques in surface water, subsurface water, ground water, domestic waste water, municipal waste water and industrial effluents. The central as well as state governments in India are providing supports by creating excise duty free zones to promote the pharmaceutical manufacturers for their production. As a result, pharmaceutical companies are producing different types of pharmaceutical products at large scale and also producing complex non-biodegradable toxic wastes byproducts and releasing untreated or partially treated wastes in the environment in absence of strong regulations. These waste pollutants are contaminating all types of...
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Present paper deals with the review analysis of various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, turbidity, TDS, DO, total hardness, chlorides, alkalinity, phosphates, sulphates, BOD,COD, heavy metals etc. in the effluents of pharmaceutical industries in India. During the review analysis of various pharmaceutical effluents, it has been studied that the values of DS and SS were higher than permissible limits in the pharmaceutical effluents of various industries. Different metals were found within the permissible limit in ground water sample except for the heavy metals like Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni which were found to be above the permissible limit recommended by WHO standards. The value of BOD and COD was many fold higher as compared to the permissible limits. Increased level of water pollution due to discharge of pharmaceutical effluents highlights the need for continuous assessment/characterization of pharmaceutical industrial wastewater. There is a great need that each industry ...
2010
The activity research done during this Ph.D., was born as an overview of pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) in wastewaters (WWs). In particular, the aim of this work was evaluate the occurrence of these emerging pollutants in the hospital’s wastewaters (HWWs), considered one of the main sources of these contaminants in the public sewage and in the environment. To do this, many water samples (withdrawn from different kind of waters: groundwaters, surface waters, drinking waters, urban wastewaters, hospital wastewaters, bottle waters) were analysed in order to investigate the problem and have more data to compare HWWs with urban ones. The chemical’s analysis includes conventional macropollutants like BOD5, COD, SS, N compounds. . . as well as pharmaceuticals (till 73 compounds were monitored). Chapter 2 of the thesis, explains the diffusion of PhCs into the environment. It starts from a literature’s basis that explains the occurrence, fate of PhCs, the health risk and the consequent ecot...
Hazards of Pharmaceuticals in Water as New Area in Eco-Pharmacovigilance Research
www.jppcm.org, 2016
Pharmaceuticals in water can have potential toxic effects on environment and human. It is becoming an emerging research area. Pharmaceuticals have received a growing attention from environmental and health agencies all over the world due to recent studies showing the occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in environment, especially in water bodies and have become one of the emerging water pollutants. The aim of this review article is to study the hazards of pharmaceuticals in water reported in the literature in order to promote the safe use of medicines among the general public. The aim of this article is to increase the environmental knowledge of pharmaceuticals and to draw attention of pharmacovigilance researcher for more awareness of some of the emerged problems caused by medicines. Detailed systematic review of the existing literature was carried out investigating the issue understudy. The review process included Pubmed database, Google Scholar, and other online resources available in the university library. The data obtained from the literature review were categorised before being analyzed by the researchers. Minor amount of medications in the water like in nanograms to low micrograms are already reported in per litre range including surface waters, wastewater, and groundwater and, to a lesser extent, drinking-water. Advances in analytical technology have been a key factor in the detection of the occurrence of these pharmaceuticals. Their presence in water, even at a very low concentration, has raised concerns among stakeholders, such as drinking water regulators, governments, water suppliers and the public regarding the potential risks to human health. The awareness about Ecopharmacovigilance as new science concern with the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or other problems related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment, which affect human and other animal species and the environmental knowledge of pharmaceuticals must be increase. Ecopharmacovigilance issues must be urgently addressed
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Pharmaceutical industry represents a range of industries with operation and processes as diverse as its product. Hence effluents coming from pharma industries vary from industry to industry. Thus it is almost impossible to describe a typical pharmaceutical effluent because of such diversity. Waste water is generally evaluated in terms of temp, pH, Total suspended solid (TSS), BOD, COD, Oil & grease, chlorides and sulphates. This paper reviews various treatment methods for treating pharmaceutical waste water. These methods are broadly categorized into physico-chemical, biological and advanced oxidation processes. The paper also discusses briefly about waste generation in pharmaceutical industries.
Pharmaceutical Products in the Environment: Sources, Effects and Risks
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Pharmaceuticals and personal care products have become an environmental problem in recent years. Their physicochemical properties and persistence in the environment have allowed the distribution of degradates and parent compounds in water, soil, air and food. The widespread use of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in hospitals, domestic residences, agricultural and industrial facilities has increased their discharge into the water bodies, and its toxicity has started to manifest in different biological components of ecosystems. The development of methods for sample treatment and instrumental analysis techniques has enabled the separation, identification and quantification of active ingredients and degradates with higher environmental impact, at concentrations of parts per billion or even parts per trillion. In addition, in vitro and in vivo assays have demonstrated their ecotoxicity in water, driving them to the classification of emerging organic pollutants, whose waste is indeterminate. Although their adverse effects are still unknown, they could have strong implications for global public health. This review presents the dynamics and the development of research over the past ten years about the presence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics, antihypertensives, antibiotics and other drugs in water bodies. Similarly, it described the impact of pharmaceutical activity, hospital services and domestic effluents on water quality.
In proceeding of: 28th National Convention of Environmental Engineers and National Seminar on Hazardous Waste Management and Healthcare in India, At Patna, 2013
India is among the top 5 manufacturer of pharmaceuticals world-wide. Consumption of these drugs has been on rise. Though total available per capita water has decreased but disposal of pharmaceuticals in the water matrices has increased. Both the aquatic biota and people at large are continually exposed to these molecules which were earlier not known to be present in water. Presence of these molecules has given rise to a new class of complex environmental threat, and it has given rise to a new class of contaminates call emerging contaminants. In India, research community, regulating agencies, governments and community has not taken the needful note of this issue. This paper presents various issues related to environmental threats related to the pharmaceuticals.
Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutical products and by-products, from resource to drinking water
Environment International, 2009
Among all emerging substances in water, pharmaceutical products (PPs) and residues are a lot of concern. These last two years, the number of studies has increased drastically, however much less for water resources and drinking water than for wastewater. This literature review based on recent works, deals with water resources (surface or groundwater), focusing on characteristics, occurrence and fate of numerous PPs studied, and drinking water including water quality. Through this review, it appears that the pharmaceutical risk must be considered even in drinking water where concentrations are very low. Moreover, there is a lack of research for by-products (metabolites and transformation products) characterization, occurrence and fate in all water types and especially in drinking water.
Environmental Risks of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Water
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Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) are a diverse group of chemicals comprising all human and veterinary drugs, diagnostics agents, nutraceuticals and other chemicals such as fragrances, sun-screen agents and excipients (inert ingredients used in PPCP manufacturing and formulation). The origins of PPCPs as "trace" environmental pollutants results largely from their worldwide, continual usage by humans and domestics animals as a result of ingestion/excretion as well as the purposeful, direct disposal of expired or unwanted PPCPs. Compared with other pollutants little is known regard to potential environmental risks. The aim of this study is to define the types of PPCPs occurring in surface and ground water, to synthesize the environmental origin, distribution, effects and to outline the importance of establishing a national water monitoring network for the early detection of PPCPs presence.