The landscape of therapeutic cancer vaccine (original) (raw)
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Cancer Vaccines: Moving Beyond Current Paradigms
Clinical Cancer Research, 2007
The field of cancer vaccines is currently in an active state of preclinical and clinical investigations. Although no therapeutic cancer vaccine has to date been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, several new paradigms are emerging from recent clinical findings both in the use of combination therapy approaches and, perhaps more importantly, in clinical trial design and end point analyses. This article will review recent clinical trials involving several different cancer vaccines from which data are emerging contrasting classic ''tumor response'' (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) criteria with ''patient response'' in the manifestation of increased patient survival post-vaccine therapy. Also described are several strategies in which cancer vaccines can be exploited in combination with other agents and therapeutic modalities that are quite unique when compared with ''conventional'' combination therapies. This is most likely due to the phenomena that (a) cancer vaccines initiate a dynamic immune process that can be exploited in subsequent therapies and (b) both radiation and certain chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to alter the phenotype of tumor cells as to render them more susceptible to T-cell^mediated killing. Consequently, evidence is emerging from several studies in which patient cohorts who first receive a cancer vaccine (as contrasted with control cohorts) benefit clinically from subsequent therapies.
Cancer vaccines: a newer front of immunotherapy
International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2018
Vaccines have been used as a promising instrument over the years to combat the dreadful communicable diseases. But now owing to epidemiological transition as the burden of non-communicable diseases has increased, efforts are now being made globally to use this weapon for non-communicable diseases like cancer. Cancer vaccines belong to a class of substances known as “biological response modifiers”. These work by stimulating or restoring the immune system’s ability to fight infections and disease. There are two broad types of cancer vaccines: Preventive (or prophylactic) vaccines and Treatment or therapeutic vaccines. Cancer treatment vaccines are made up of cancer cells, parts of cells or pure antigens. Sometimes a patient’s own immune cells are removed and exposed to these substances in the lab to create the vaccine. Cancer treatment vaccines differ from the vaccines that work against viruses. These vaccines try to get the immune system to mount an attack against cancer cells in th...
Cancer Vaccine Emerging Treatment: Present and Future Prospectives
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2012
Cancer is one of the main health problems of mankind. Treatment of cancer can include chemotherapy, surgery, hormone therapy, radiation therapy and biological therapy. A Cancer vaccine shows potential contrivance in the hands of the clinical oncologist. Cancer vaccine therapy is the augmented understanding of mechanisms involved in an antigen- specific T-cell and antibody-mediated or B-cell response. More recently, cancer vaccines targeting well characterized tumor-associated antigens, i.e. molecules selectively or preferentially expressed by cancer cells but not by normal cells have been designed and tested in humans. Outcome obtained as of today with these second-generation vaccines suggest that they are safe and that they can elicit humoral and cellular responses against tumor-specific antigens, without inducing unacceptable experimental signs of autoimmunity. This review summarizes the current knowledge of tumor immunology and types of vaccine. Recently used various vaccine deli...
Therapeutic vaccines for cancer: an overview of clinical trials
Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 2014
The therapeutic potential of host-specific and tumour-specific immune responses is well recognized and, after many years, active immunotherapies directed at inducing or augmenting these responses are entering clinical practice. Antitumour immunization is a complex, multi-component task, and the optimal combinations of antigens, adjuvants, delivery vehicles and routes of administration are not yet identified. Active immunotherapy must also address the immunosuppressive and tolerogenic mechanisms deployed by tumours. This Review provides an overview of new results from clinical studies of therapeutic cancer vaccines directed against tumour-associated antigens and discusses their implications for the use of active immunotherapy.
A critical review on cancer vaccines: a promising immunotherapy
Biomaterials and Polymers Horizon
Cancer vaccines are a type of immunotherapy that can assist in educating the immune system about what cancer cells "look like" so that it can practively destroy them. A lack of an efficient adjuvant and insufficient efficacy hurdles the development of cancer vaccines based on tumor-associated antigens. To improve the efficacy of vaccines, a genetically engineered method was reviewed to achieving the codelivery of antigen and adjuvant to enhance immune responses. For more than 25 years, the development of cancer vaccines has been at the forefront of cancer research. The main emphasis has been on delivery strategies used to promote strong and long-lasting immune responses. Recent developments have made it possible to advance the engineering of therapeutic cancer vaccines. Target selection, vaccine development and techniques for overturning immunosuppressive systems used by malignancies have all made significant strides. To accelerate future developments and provide guidance ...
Therapeutic tumour vaccines: A review
The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2021
As the time progressed immunotherapy has become one of the best modalities of cancer treatment, along with chemotherapy and radiation; under which comes the promising field of "therapeutic tumour vaccines". The therapeutic cancer vaccines theoretically have the potential to stimulate specific immunity against tumours while sparing normal tissues, leading not only to tumour lysis but also to the induction of a long lasting, systemic immunological memory that protects against recurrent disease and metastasis. Although the challenge of developing an effective cancer vaccine remains, several therapeutic vaccination strategies are being evaluated in clinical trials. Based on their content, the cancer vaccines may be classified into several major categories, which include cell (tumour or immune cell) vaccines, protein/peptide vaccines and genetic (DNA, RNA, and viral) vaccines. The overwhelmingly immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment that reduces the clinical efficacy of vaccines can now be modified by different approaches.
Advances in Cancer Research, 2014
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have the potential of being integrated in the therapy of numerous cancer types and stages. The wide spectrum of vaccine platforms and vaccine targets is reviewed along with the potential for development of vaccines to target cancer cell "stemness," the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype, and drug-resistant populations. Preclinical and recent clinical studies are now revealing how vaccines can optimally be used with other immune-based therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors, and so-called nonimmune-based therapeutics, radiation, hormonal therapy, and certain small molecule targeted therapies; it is now being revealed that many of these traditional therapies can lyse tumor cells in a manner as to further potentiate the host immune response, alter the phenotype of nonlysed tumor cells to render them more susceptible to T-cell lysis, and/or shift the balance of effector:regulatory cells in a manner to enhance vaccine efficacy. The importance of the tumor microenvironment, the appropriate patient population, and clinical trial endpoints is also discussed in the context of optimizing patient benefit from vaccine-mediated therapy.
Paradigm Shifts in Cancer Vaccine Therapy
Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2008
Cancer vaccines constitute a unique therapeutic modality in that they initiate a dynamic process involving the host’s immune response. Consequently, (a) repeated doses (vaccinations) over months may be required before patient clinical benefit is observed and (b) there most likely will be a “dynamic balance” between the induction and maintenance of host immune response elements to the vaccinations vs. host/tumor factors that have the potential to diminish those responses. Thus “patient response” in the form of disease stabilization and prolonged survival may be more appropriate to monitor than strictly adhering to “tumor response” in the form of Response Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria. This can be manifested in the form of enhanced patient benefit to subsequent therapies following vaccine therapy. This article will review these phenomena unique to cancer vaccines with emphasis on prostate cancer vaccines as a prototype for vaccine therapy. The unique features of this moda...
Cancer immunotherapy: moving beyond current vaccines
Nature Medicine, 2004
Great progress has been made in the field of tumor immunology in the past decade, but optimism about the clinical application of currently available cancer vaccine approaches is based more on surrogate endpoints than on clinical tumor regression. In our cancer vaccine trials of 440 patients, the objective response rate was low (2.6%), and comparable to the results obtained by others. We consider here results in cancer vaccine trials and highlight alternate strategies that mediate cancer regression in preclinical and clinical models.