Advances in ceramic actuator materials (original) (raw)
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The paper explores advancements in ceramic actuator materials, categorizing them into piezoelectric, electrostrictive, and phase-change materials. It highlights the performance of modified lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics and introduces new materials like barium stannate titanate, which exhibit distinct strain characteristics. The research discusses various actuator designs, including multilayers and bimorphs, emphasizing their applications in precision devices such as lasers and miniaturized motor systems.
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Journal of Electroceramics, 2012
In response to the current environmental regulations against the use of lead in daily electronic devices, a number of investigations have been performed worldwide in search for alternative piezoelectric ceramics that can replace the marketdominating lead-based ones, representatively Pb(Zr x Ti 1-x )O 3 (PZT)-based solid solutions. Selected systems of potential importance such as chemically modified and/or crystallographically textured (K, Na)NbO 3 and (Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 3 -based solid solutions have been developed. Nevertheless, only few achievements have so far been introduced to the marketplace. A recent discovery has greatly extended our tool box for material design by furnishing (Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 3 -based ceramics with a reversible phase transition between an ergodic relaxor state and a ferroelectric with the application of electric field. This paired the piezoelectric effect with a strain-generating phase transition and extended opportunities for actuator applications in a completely new manner. In this contribution, we will present the status and perspectives of this new class of actuator ceramics, aiming at covering a wide spectrum of topics, i.e., from fundamentals to practice.
Journal of Electroceramics
In response to the current environmental regulations against the use of lead in daily electronic devices, a number of investigations have been performed worldwide in search for alternative piezoelectric ceramics that can replace the marketdominating lead-based ones, representatively Pb(Zr x Ti 1-x )O 3 (PZT)-based solid solutions. Selected systems of potential importance such as chemically modified and/or crystallographically textured (K, Na)NbO 3 and (Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 3 -based solid solutions have been developed. Nevertheless, only few achievements have so far been introduced to the marketplace. A recent discovery has greatly extended our tool box for material design by furnishing (Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 3 -based ceramics with a reversible phase transition between an ergodic relaxor state and a ferroelectric with the application of electric field. This paired the piezoelectric effect with a strain-generating phase transition and extended opportunities for actuator applications in a completely new manner. In this contribution, we will present the status and perspectives of this new class of actuator ceramics, aiming at covering a wide spectrum of topics, i.e., from fundamentals to practice.
Poling Conditions of Pre-Stressed Piezoelectric Actuators and Their Displacement
Journal of Electroceramics, 2005
The poling procedure has always been the key issue in producing piezoelectric actuators with optimised performance. This is also true with the relatively new category of pre-stressed bender actuators, where mechanical bias achieved with a passive layer is introduced in the actuators during manufacturing. Due to these factors, the behaviour of the actuator under poling is different compared to its bulk counterparts. In this paper, two different thicknesses of commercial PZT 5A and PZT 5H materials were used in bulk actuators and pre-stressed benders realised by new method. Pre-stress was introduced by using a post-fired biasing layer utilising sintering shrinkage and difference in thermal expansion. The hysteresis loop of the actuators was measured under 0.5-7.0 MV/m electric fields at 25-125 • C temperatures, providing information about their remnant polarisation and coercive field before poling. The results showed that high electric field and 25 • C temperatures in poling provided higher remnant polarisation and coercive electric field than using 125 • C temperature at poling. Difference was especially significant in coercive electric field values where up to 114.8% difference was obtained for PZT 5H bulk actuator and 65.9% for pre-stressed actuators. Higher coercive fields can be utilized as increased operating voltage range of piezoelectric devices. The differences in results obtained here and by others can be explained by the different pre-stress level, stronger clamping of the thicker passive layers of the RAINBOW and THUNDER actuators and passive ring area introducing high tensile stresses. The same conditions were used to pole the actuators, after which the displacement and dielectric constant of the actuators were measured. The displacement measurements showed that remnant polarisation has good correlation with displacement. This fact can be used in estimating pre-stressed actuator performance before actual poling. The dielectric constant measurements with a small signal after poling gave even better correlation than the remnant polarisation.
High-Field Characterization of Piezoelectric and Magnetostrictive Actuators
Journal of Intelligent Materials Systems and Structures, 2004
High-field theoretical and experimental analysis of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive actuators is presented. First, the analysis of a piezoelectric stack actuator (PiezoSystems Jena PAHL 120/20) is described. A theoretical model based on the linear theory of piezoelectricity is developed. Extensive experiments were conducted, aimed at lowfrequency dynamic electro-mechanical behavior characterization. Curve fitting procedures are used to adjust the model coefficients for various load levels. Through comparison with experimental data, the model is adjusted to include nonlinear terms related to higher losses on the unloading cycle. Second, the impedance analysis of a magnetostrictive actuator (Etrema AA140J025) is described. Linear piezomagnetism is assumed, as an approximation to nonlinear magnetostrictive behavior about a bias point. Low-field and high-field impedance measurements were performed, revealing left shifting of the actuator resonance as the power is increased. Model tuning of the impedance model on the experimental data showed material parameters trends similar with those reported in the literature. Although the numerical values developed during this phenomenological study are particular for the actuators under consideration, the characterization approach can be extended to analysis of other actuators of this type.
Longitudinal strain response of a 0.9PMN–0.1PT multilayer actuator
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2002
This work studies the strain response of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (0.9PMN-0.1PT) multilayer actuators for industrial automation applications. Since the 0.9PMN-0.1PT is relaxor-based ferroelectric material, its piezoelectricity can be induced by applying a DC bias field longitudinally across the actuator structure. A 7.3 m displacement in the longitudinal direction was produced by a 9.034 mm long multilayer actuator under a DC bias voltage of 185 V. Effective piezoelectric coefficients d 33 and d 31 of the 0.9PMN-0.1PT actuator were estimated by the derivative of the strain vs. electric field curve. It was found that deformation of the actuator near the edge on the top surface is about 17% lower than the deformation at the center.
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