Reflective Epilogue: Concerns in Tourism Safety (original) (raw)

Tourism, Terrorism and Security - preliminary chapter

emerald, 2020

I have long admired Maximiliano’s perspective and expertise on tourism security. In short order, Seraphin and Maximiliano pinpoints the heart of tourism security in Tourism Security and Dark Tourism Today tied to complexities dark tourism and the ever-changing world of risk. They provide insights into the two distinct areas, both are intertwined in tourism today. Well thought out and explained in this new book. Brian Bergquist Ph.D. – School of Hospitality Leadership. University of Wisconsin-Stout This is a “must read” book for all academics, researchers and tourism professionals who are interested in the subject of tourism security. The editors are acclaimed researchers and prolific authors who have conducted and published numerous studies in this field. The chapters’ authors provide an international perspective by highlighting the phenomenon of tourism security in different countries such as: the UK, Colombia, the Russian Federation and South Africa. In addition, the book has a couple of fascinating chapters that address security issues in dark tourism destinations. All in all, this book is a valuable and important contribution to knowledge in the domain of tourism studies. Abraham Pizam, Ph.D. – Professor and Linda Chapin Eminent Scholar Chair in Tourism Management, Founding Dean Rosen College of Hospitality Management- University of Central Florida, US “This book fills a necessary place in the literature. It highlights terrorism and security. As the travel industry globally is faced with increased terrorism understanding how to manage these incidents is more important than ever.” Lori Pennington-Gray Professor & Director of Tourism Crisis Management Initiative – Coordinator online MS in Hospitality Business Management University of Florida, US

Terrorism and Tourism

ABSTRACT Security at a destination has always been a major factor in destination choice. However, till a few years back the security factors taken into consideration by the tourists would include mugging, petty crimes like theft, pick-pocketing, etc. as the tourists’ life was not endangered even at the worst politically instable destinations. Such concerns had a minimal impact on tourism forecasts as to some extent most of the destinations suffer from one or the other. Today, the security concerns have undergone a thorough change because of global terrorism where not only the individual tourists are being shot or kidnapped but they are being massacred in hundreds by the so-called jehadis. The Bali bombings and the most recent terrorist raids in Mumbai can be cited here along with many other destinations that have born the brutality of terrorist attacks. In fact, what is being attacked by these global terrorists is the very psyche of leisure and holiday-making which they consider as a threat to their self-perceived notions of their own religion. No doubt, the terror and destruction created by them has not only destroyed the economies at the destinations in terms of infrastructure, jobs, and small businesses and so on but considerably reduced the tourist arrivals. Actually speaking, one terrorist attack undoes the entire destination planning leading to a failure of all forecasts or projections. Similarly, at certain destinations, natural disasters like Tsunami, diseases and wars have also led to the undoing of tourism forecasts. However, their impact has not been long lasting as compared to the damage done by terrorism. Hence, it has become crucial to take into account the terrorist threat while working out the forecasts related to tourist mobility and any planning that is done for infrastructural development at a destination. For example, the paper provides evidence through field studies that the destination choices of backpackers and the low budget tourists are much less affected by terrorism threats than that of the up-budget and middle-budget tourists. This paper after citing some attacks on tourist destinations and their impacts on tourists’ mobility and choice takes into account the need for incorporating certain preventive measures against terrorism in planning for tourism in different areas. It further raises the issue of bearing the costs in this regard. You can’t pass on the costs of security on the tourists and the industry is still reluctant to contribute for this as providing security is seen as a state subject. In such a situation how do you go about is a challenge to all players in tourism and needs to be tackled at the earliest. Similarly, there is a need to inculcate anti–terrorism measures in tourism curricula being taught in the universities, training and retraining programmes in the industry and also in Management development programmes. It discusses the types and levels for such training and programmes. The paper also stresses on the need to generate awareness against terrorism along with some preventive measures as pre and post terrorist attack tasks.

Tourism and Terrorism, commonalities and diferencies

Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore why tourists continue to visit troubled and often violent nations, even when there is perceived risk. Tourism and terrorism reflect very different philosophies, but there are also some disturbing commonalities. Both need modern technology to be effective, both rely heavily on media management and both require the manipulation of perceptions and attitudes. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses historical evidence to examine the rise and fall in world travel and tourism demand related to acts of terrorism. Findings – The paper observes that the Caribbean experienced a 13.5 percent decline in US visitors after the 9/11 terrorist attack in the USA and this led to the temporary loss of an estimated 365,000 jobs. Practical implications – The paper considers the fact that Jamaica suffers the equivalent of one 9/11 incident each week in terms of the percentage of the population killed by organized crime and gangs. It concludes that crime does not have the same effect as terrorism in terms of deterring tourists and that tourists demonstrate a willingness to visit countries where security risks are significantly higher than in their home country. Originality/value – The paper compares and contrasts the experience of 9/11 in New York with two bombings in Buenos Aires, and shows the remarkable extent to which even the experience of something as shocking as a terrorist attack is mediated through cultural values. Keywords Terrorism, Tourism, Commonalities, Dark tourism, Caribbean Paper type General review The nature of terrorism Saint-Pierre (2003) defines terrorism as

Terrorism and its impacts on the tourism industry

2015

The tourism industry is considered one of the most important cogged wheels of the global economy. Numerous countries – specially emerging and least developed have benefited from the growing number of tourists that visit them. Ironically, in these countries, terrorist acts generated by local groups and organizations have scared off tourists and have created a negative image for specific destinations. The present paper tries to verify the existence of a connection between tourism and terrorism and to present the responses of the industry toward these acts focusing on the US market.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN THE CONTEXT OF TERRORIST RISKS.docx

Tourism has always been an integral part of human life. At the present stage of development of society and the globalization of world processes, in the conditions of dynamically developing technologies and public relations, the tourism industry occupies one of the leading places in the economy. In addition, tourism, affecting all areas of human activities, has a powerful social and humanistic impact on the spread of peace and mutual understanding between the peoples of all countries. Following the International Conference on the Role and Place of Tourism in Peace Conservation held in Vancouver in 1988, which was attended by representatives of 65 countries, it was determined that tourism had great potential to become a guarantor of peace and security, as it encompassed citizens of different countries, their economies, cultural heritage, traditions, religion, and crafts. Today, different approaches to forecasting the development of the situation, the risk management programs, etc. are being implemented in international business. The main goal of these events is to avoid, or minimize the negative consequences of doing business in this or that territory. Of all the risk groups for the tourism industry, the most dangerous are the political ones, since they are less predictable in terms of scale, duration and consequences. At the same time, ensuring stability and security in the region is the main condition for the development of a tourist destination. In the past 50 years, tourism has been adversely affected by natural disasters, economic crises, wars and terrorist attacks, the number of which and extent of destruction they do are very significant. The article attempts to analyze the impact of terrorism on the development of world tourism. The article deals with theories explaining the impact of terrorism on tourism, minimizing the opportunities for committing terrorist acts, and international experience in ensuring the safety of tourists. Sociological data illustrating the attitude of Russians towards the possibility to travel to dangerous but attractive regions are also presented there.

Tourism and Terrorism Studium Press.pdf

Korstanje, M E Tourism and Terrorism. 2016. New Dehli, Studium Press. Maximiliano Korstanje is a world-renowned expert in the topical area of tourism and terrorism. In the past, I had the privilege of associating with him on various research projects in this domain. I have observed his unstoppable appetite for seeing the things that the traditional gatekeepers of knowledge do not want us to see, which has resulted in the identification of subliminal structures and latent processes 'behind the scene'. This book will serve as a significant source of reference for everyone interested in studying the undertones entwining tourism and terrorism. (Babu George, PhD Fort Hays State University, US) In ‘Tourism and Terrorism’, Maximiliano E. Korstanje provides a thorough assessment of terrorism and the impacts on the tourism industry. The book even covers the recent terrorist attacks in France. Overall, this book provides a very credible overview of all the challenges related to terrorism. It is definitely a useful book for students, academics and practitioners.” (Dr Hugues SERAPHIN, Programme Leader Event Management- The University of Winchester UK) Dr. Maximiliano Korstanje is one of Latin America’s great thinkers. Korstanje challenges his readers to both expand their range of academic vision and to think outside of the box. His new book Tourism & Terrorism is no exception to this rule. This book is a valuable intellectual tool for both scholars and practitioners. It challenges the reader’s basic assumptions and provokes his readers to enter into a dialogue with some of the greatest and perhaps controversial minds of the last and current century. It also provides tools to understand future challenges. This book is essential rendering for anyone interested in the fields of tourism and terrorism and how they overlap. (Dr. Peter Tarlow, Texas A&M University US) "Tourism and terrorism appear at first view to be complete opposites although, increasingly, terror appears at tourism sites. Furthermore, many tourists visit sites of terror when they partake in so-called dark tourism. In this book, Max Korstanje examines the different facets involved, bringing in contemporary elements such as the events in Paris in 2015. For anybody interested in examining how events inter-relate, this book provides an academic viewpoint". (Graham Busby, Plymouth University UK)

Tourism and terrorism: conflicts AND commonalities

Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore why tourists continue to visit troubled and often violent nations, even when there is perceived risk. Tourism and terrorism reflect very different philosophies, but there are also some disturbing commonalities. Both need modern technology to be effective, both rely heavily on media management and both require the manipulation of perceptions and attitudes. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses historical evidence to examine the rise and fall in world travel and tourism demand related to acts of terrorism. Findings – The paper observes that the Caribbean experienced a 13.5 percent decline in US visitors after the 9/11 terrorist attack in the USA and this led to the temporary loss of an estimated 365,000 jobs. Practical implications – The paper considers the fact that Jamaica suffers the equivalent of one 9/11 incident each week in terms of the percentage of the population killed by organized crime and gangs. It concludes that crime does not have the same effect as terrorism in terms of deterring tourists and that tourists demonstrate a willingness to visit countries where security risks are significantly higher than in their home country. Originality/value – The paper compares and contrasts the experience of 9/11 in New York with two bombings in Buenos Aires, and shows the remarkable extent to which even the experience of something as shocking as a terrorist attack is mediated through cultural values. Keywords Terrorism, Tourism, Commonalities, Dark tourism, Caribbean Paper type General review

Terrorism as Security Challenge in Tourism Development

2018

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to analyse the consequences faced by tourism industry as a result of terrorist activities. Terrorism can be viewed as use or threat to use violence to obtain political objective through the intimidation. Tourists become specific target of terrorist activity due to symbolic and economic value which arises from tourism. The main focus is at security obstacle as a crucial factor of tourists` choice of desired destination. Design/Methodology/Approach – Research employed descriptive statistics, notably comparative method and correlation analysis, to estimate relationship between terrorism and tourism for selected Mediterranean countries (Spain, France, Croatia and Turkey). Yearly (1995–2016) and monthly data (2011M01 to 2016M12) was used from UNWTO, Eurostat and Global Terrorism database. Findings – Based on conducted research, results showed a presence of small positive correlation between international tourism arrivals and total terrorism casualt...