Oxygen Consumption - Journal of Applied Aquaculture (original) (raw)
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Chronic effects of nitrogenous compounds on survival and growth of juvenile pink shrimp
Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2016
In response to growing worldwide market demand, intensive shrimp farming, based on high feed, has developed over the past decade. The nitrogenous compounds mainly generated by animal excretion can cause deterioration of water quality and produce chronic or even acute toxicity to aquatic animals. As prevention, theoretical safety levels have been estimated from acute toxicity tests and they are traditionally used to prevent toxic effects on biota. However, are those concentrations of nitrogenous compounds really safe to Farfantepenaeus paulensis? The current study aimed to investigate the lethal and sublethal effects of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate to juvenile F. paulensis based on safety levels. Each experiment was performed independently in 100 L tanks for 30 days. The survival rates and wet weight of all shrimps were recorded every 10 days. The concentrations tested for ammonia, nitrite and nitrate were respectively: treatment “T1/4”, a quarter of the safety level (0.91 mg/L TA-N,...
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 2002
Penaeus monodon (12.13"1.14 g) exposed individually to six different nitrite and nitrate regimes (0.002, 0.36 and 1.46 mM nitrite combined with 0.005 and 7.32 mM nitrate), at a salinity of 25 ppt, were examined for hemolymph nitrogenous compounds and whole shrimp's nitrogen excretions after 24 h. Nitrogen excretion increased directly with ambient nitrite and nitrate. Hemolymph nitrite, nitrate, urea and uric acid levels increased, while hemolymph ammonia, oxyhemocyanin and protein were inversely related to ambient nitrite. Exposure of P. monodon to elevated nitrite in the presence of 7.32 mM nitrate did not alter hemolymph nitrite, ammonia, uric acid, oxyhemocyanin and protein levels, but caused an increase in hemolymph nitrate and a decrease in hemolymph urea as compared to exposure to elevated nitrite only. Following exposure to elevated nitrite, nitrite was oxidized to nitrate and P. monodon showed uricogenesis and uricolysis. The shrimp also used strategies to avoid joint toxicities of nitrite and metabolic ammonia by removing ammonia or reducing ammonia production under the stress of elevated nitrite.
Nitrate level safety to Amazon River shrimp juveniles
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019
The study's objective was to evaluate the nitrate level safety for Macrobrachium amazonicum juvenile in the laboratory, a potential native species for culture in Brazil. The experiment consisted of six treatments with six replicates in a completely randomized block design: 0, 250, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 mg L −1. Physical and chemical water quality parameters were recorded every 12 h, while the shrimp mortalities in the 24-h interval. Except for nitrate, all physical and chemical water quality parameters remained within the ideal range rearing to this species. No deaths were observed during the first 6 h of exposure range 0-500 mg L −1 concentrations. At 250 mg L −1 N-NO 3 − , the mortality (10%) started from 48 h. At 500 mg L −1 N-NO 3 − , shrimp mortalities occurred after 24 h, reaching 60% after 72 h. In the treatments with 1000 and 1500 mg L −1 N-NO 3 − concentrations, dead shrimps can be observed after 24 h, with a mortality rate of 78% and 90% of the population in 96 h, respectively. All shrimps exposed at 2000 mg L −1 died in 96 h. The LC50 values obtained decreased with increasing exposure time. Based on LC50 (96 h), the N-NO 3 − level safety to M. amazonicum is 48.5 mg L −1 .
Acute Toxicity of Ammonia and Nitrite to White Shrimp Penaeus setiferus Postlarvae
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 1999
Penaeus setiferus postlarvae were exposed to acute levels of ammonia, nitrite, and to a mixture of both by a short-term static method. The 24h, 48-h and 72-h LC50 values for un-ionized ammonia were 1.49, 1.21 and 1.12 m g L NH,-N (un-ionized ammonia as nitrogen), and 11.55, 9.38 and 8.69 mg/L ammonia-N (un-ionized plus ionized ammonia as nitrogen). The 24-h, 48-h and 72-h LC50 values for nitrite were 268.06, 248.84 and 167.33 m g L nitrite-N (nitrite as nitrogen). Nitrite was much less toxic than ammonia. The joint effect of ammonia and nitrite on the postlarvae was synergistic at 48-h exposure and antagonistic after 72 h. Postlarvae of P. setiferus may be considered as organisms sensitive to ammonia and nitrite.
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2004
The marine white shrimp Litopenaeus vunnamei is widely cultured. Recently, farmers have begun to culture this shrimp in low-salinity brackish water (< 6 gL). The intensification of shrimp culture often results in occurrences of elevated nitrite concentration during the growing season. Nitrite is toxic to shrimp and exposure to high concentrations may cause retarded growth and mortalities. The current study was aimed a t investigating the acute and chronic toxicity of nitrite to L. vannamei grown in low-salinity (2 gL) brackish water. Studies of the 96-h EC50 and LC50 values of nitrite were performed to determine the acute toxicity, and an aquarium growth study (2 d post exposure to elevated nitrite concentrations) was conducted to evaluate the chronic effects of nitrite on shrimp production. The 96-h ECSO and LCSO values for juvenile L vannamei grown in water of 2 gIL salinity was about 9 mg/L NO,-N, suggesting a safe concentration for shrimp production in ponds to be less than 0.45 mgIL NO,-N. Exposing shrimp to nitrite concentration of 4 mg/L for 2 d reduced their growth hut did not affect their survival. 0
Reduction of Ammonia and Nitrite in Shrimp Larviculture in a Recirculation System
Asian fisheries science, 1991
Shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PIJ.2) were cultured in a static and a recirculation system with and without adding nitrifying bacteria, respectively. Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, sulfide, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and growth and survival of the shrimp were monitored. The concentrations of total ammonia-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N, sulfide and COD in the recirculation systell\8 were much lower than thole in the static systems. The appropriate use of nitrifying bacteria could help reduce ammonia and nitrite concentration in both static and recirculation systems. The postlarvae :reared in the recirculation systems had better growth and survival than thoae in the static system.A new system employing recirculated water for commercial hatchery and growout use is suggested.
2015
In general, the adverse effect of a chemical compound present in water varies with the concentration and time of exposure to the compound, the nature of the chemical species and age of the exposed organisms. Thus, nitrogen does not necessarily cause adverse effects on shrimp, but may, instead, promote sub-lethal effects by long-term exposure. Juvenile Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (initial mean weight = 0.61 g ± 0.07) were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of ammonia (0.44 and 0.88 mg L-1), nitrite (5.30 and 10.60 mg L-1) and nitrate (45.60 and 91.20 mg L-1) corresponding to the safe levels for the species. After 40 days of exposure of juveniles to ammonia, nitrite and nitrate, all groups differed significantly (p<0.05) from the control group regarding the growth and survival. Based on the results, it was determined that the shrimp F. brasiliensis was susceptible to nitrogen compounds in concentrations equivalent to supposedly safe levels previously proposed for the specie. Thu...
Long-term ammonia toxicity to the pink-shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 2009
Juvenile pink-shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis were exposed (75 days) to NH 3 (0.016-0.287 mg L − 1) under static condition with water renewal every 24 h. Experiments were performed at 20°C, at a water salinity of 15 ppt, and at pH 7.8. Endpoints analyzed were survival, growth and predation rates. After 75 days of exposure, survival was ≥90% in all concentrations tested. However, growth (carapace length and wet body mass) was reduced after exposure to NH 3 concentrations as low as 0.033 mg L − 1 , while the relative growth (dry body mass and ash content) was reduced after exposure to the highest NH 3 concentration (0.287 mg L − 1). Predatory activity was inhibited after exposure to 0.144 or 0.287 mg L − 1 NH 3. Post-larvae exposed (75 days) to 0.301 mg L − 1 NH 3 under the same experimental conditions also showed a reduced growth (wet body mass) and relative growth (dry body mass). In addition, they showed decreased body lipids content and increased body glycogen and glucose contents. However, no changes in body protein, chitin and uric acid contents were observed. Also, NH 3 did not affect post-larvae feeding response. Altogether, findings suggest that F. paulensis reduces its food intake to limit the internal accumulation of nitrogenous waste products when exposed for long time to high levels of ambient ammonia. As a consequence, shrimp show a marked change in energy metabolism, characterized by a decreased content of body lipids paralleled by an increased content of body carbohydrates, resulting in a significant reduction in growth.
The fate of nitrogenous waste from shrimp feeding
Aquaculture, 2001
This study characterized and quantified the dissolved nitrogen N waste from shrimp Ž. Ž. Penaeus monodon feeding. The subsequent utilization of the dissolved N DN compounds by the microbial community in shrimp pond water was also examined. There were three main sources of soluble N from feeding; gill excretion, leaching from formulated feed, and leaching from shrimp faeces. The main source of DN was ammonia excreted from shrimp gills. However, there was also a significant amount of DN leached from feed and faeces over the course of a few hours. Ž. Most of this was in the form of dissolved organic N DON compounds. In the case of feed, a Ž. significant proportion of this was dissolved primary amines DPA, 23% whilst in faeces, it was Ž. urea 26%. Urea leached from shrimp faeces was rapidly utilized by the microbial community in pond water. However, other DON compounds appeared to be less bioavailable. Dissolved organic N leached from formulated feed appeared to be less effectively utilized by the microbial community and is likely to accumulate in pond water. Dissolved organic N leachates from formulated feed and faeces are, therefore, likely to have a significant impact on water quality in shrimp ponds, both by the accumulation of DON, and stimulation of the growth of the microbial community. There is, therefore, considerable scope to improve water quality, and hence reduce nutrient discharges from shrimp farming, by reducing overfeeding, and improving feed retention by shrimp.