Nucleotide sequence of the fadR gene, a multifunctional regulator of fatty acid metabolism in Escherichia coli (original) (raw)
Related papers
Escherichia coli FadR Positively Regulates Transcription of the fabB Fatty Acid Biosynthetic Gene
Journal of Bacteriology, 2001
In Escherichia coli expression of the genes of fatty acid degradation ( fad ) is negatively regulated at the transcriptional level by FadR protein. In contrast the unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic gene, fabA , is positively regulated by FadR. We report that fabB , a second unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic gene, is also positively regulated by FadR. Genomic array studies that compared global transcriptional differences between wild-type and fadR -null mutant strains, as well as in cultures of each strain grown in the presence of exogenous oleic acid, indicated that expression of fabB was regulated in a manner very similar to that of fabA expression. A series of genetic and biochemical tests confirmed these observations. Strains containing both fabB and fadR mutant alleles were constructed and shown to exhibit synthetic lethal phenotypes, similar to those observed in fabA fadR mutants. A fadR strain was hypersensitive to cerulenin, an antibiotic that at low concentrations specif...
Characterization of the Fatty Acid-responsive Transcription Factor FadR
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1997
In Escherichia coli, fatty acid synthesis and degradation are coordinately controlled at the level of transcription by FadR. FadR represses transcription of at least eight genes required for fatty acid transport and -oxidation and activates transcription of at least two genes required for unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and the gene encoding the transcriptional regulator of the ace-BAK operon encoding the glyoxylate shunt enzymes, IclR. FadR-dependent DNA binding and transcriptional activation is prevented by long chain fatty acyl-CoA. In the present work, we provide physical and genetic evidence that FadR exists as a homodimer in solution and in vivo. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and glycerol gradient ultracentrifugation of the purified protein show that native FadR was a homodimer in solution with an apparent molecular mass of 53.5 and 57.8 kDa, respectively. Dominant negative mutations in fadR were generated by random and site-directed mutagenesis. Each mutation mapped to the amino terminus of the protein (residues 1-66) and resulted in a decrease in DNA binding in vitro. In an effort to separate domains of FadR required for DNA binding, dimerization, and ligand binding, chimeric protein fusions between the DNA binding domain of LexA and different regions of FadR were constructed. One fusion, LexA1-87-FadR102-239, was able to repress the LexA reporter sulA-lacZ, and -galactosidase activities were derepressed by fatty acids, suggesting that the fusion protein had determinants both for dimerization and ligand binding. These studies support the conclusion that native FadR exists as a stable homo-dimer in solution and that determinants for DNA binding and acyl-CoA binding are found within the amino terminus and carboxyl terminus, respectively.
Journal of Bacteriology, 1998
The genes encoding several key fatty acid biosynthetic enzymes (called the fab cluster) are clustered in the order plsX-fabH-fabD-fabG-acpP-fabF at min 24 of the Escherichia coli chromosome. A difficulty in analysis of the fab cluster by the polar allele duplication approach (Y. Zhang and J. E. Cronan, Jr., J. Bacteriol. 178:3614–3620, 1996) is that several of these genes are essential for the growth of E. coli . We overcame this complication by use of the fab gene cluster of Salmonella typhimurium , a close relative of E. coli , to provide functions necessary for growth. The S. typhimurium fab cluster was isolated by complementation of an E. coli fabD mutant and was found to encode proteins with >94% homology to those of E. coli . However, the S. typhimurium sequences cannot recombine with the E. coli sequences required to direct polar allele duplication via homologous recombination. Using this approach, we found that although approximately 60% of the plsX transcripts initiate a...
Journal of Bacteriology, 1991
The fadL gene of Escherichia coli encodes an outer membrane protein (FadL) that plays a central role in the uptake of exogenous long-chain fatty acids. The nucleotide sequence of the fadL gene revealed a single open reading frame of 1,344 bp encoding a protein with 448 amino acid residues and a molecular weight of 48,831. The transcriptional start, analyzed by primer extension, was shown to be 95 bp upstream from the translational start. Apparent -10 and -35 regions were found at -12 and -37 bp upstream from the transcriptional start. Three regions with hyphenated dyad symmetry (two between the transcriptional start and the translational start and one upstream from the -10 and -35 regions) were identified that may play a role in the expression offadL. The protein product of the fadL gene contained a signal sequence and signal peptidase I cleavage site similar to that defined for other E. coli outer membrane proteins. The N-terminal sequence of the mature FadL protein was determined by automated amino acid sequencing of protein purified from the outer membrane of a strain harboring fadL under the control of a T7 RNA polymerase-responsive promoter. This amino acid sequence, Ala-Gly-Phe-Gln-Leu-Asn-Glu-Phe-Ser-Ser, verified the signal peptidase I cleavage site on pre-FadL and confirmed the N-terminal amino acid sequence of FadL predicted from the DNA sequence. Mature FadL contained 421 amino acid residues, giving a molecular weight of 45,969. The amino acid composition of FadL deduced from the DNA sequence suggested that this protein contained an abundance of hydrophobic amino acid residues and lacked cysteinyl residues. The hydrophobic amino acids within FadL were predicted to contribute to at least five regions of the protein with an overall hydrophobic character. The amino acid sequence of FadL was used to search GenBank for other proteins with amino acid sequence homology. These data demonstrated that FadL and the heat-modifiable outer membrane protein P1 of Haemophilus influenzae type b were 60.5% conserved and 42.0% identical over 438 amino acid residues.
Enhancing fatty acid production by the expression of the regulatory transcription factor FadR
2012
Fatty acids are important precursors to biofuels. The Escherichia coli FadR is a transcription factor that regulates several processes in fatty acid biosynthesis, degradation, and membrane transport. By tuning the expression of FadR in an engineered E. coli host, we were able to increase fatty acid titer by 7.5-fold over our previously engineered fatty acid-producing strain, reaching 5.2 70.5 g/L and 73% of the theoretical yield. The mechanism by which FadR enhanced fatty acid yield was studied by wholegenome transcriptional analysis (microarray) and targeted proteomics. Overexpression of FadR led to transcriptional changes for many genes, including genes involved in fatty acid pathways. The biggest transcriptional changes in fatty acid pathway genes included fabB, fabF, and accA. Overexpression of any of these genes alone did not result in a high yield comparable to fadR expression, indicating that FadR enhanced fatty acid production globally by tuning the expression levels of many genes to optimal levels.
Identification of a fatty acyl responsive regulator (FarR) in Escherichia coli
FEBS Letters, 1994
FarR (formerly P30) has been identified as a fatty acid and fatty acyl-CoA responsive DNA-binding protein. It is encoded by the farR gene (g30) in the citric acid cycle gene cluster of E. coli (gltA-sdhCDAB-sucABCD-farR). The amplified FarR protein specifically bound to the farR promoter (P&J and exhibited weak binding to the citrate synthase and lipoamide dehydrogenase promoters. Binding at PfWR was abolished by long-chain fatty acids and their CoA thioesters. In DNaseI footprints, FarR binding at PfO,R p rotected two sites, each characterised by two related IO-bp direct repeats. It is suggested that FarR autoregulates farR expression and may modulate citric acid cycle expression in response to long-chain fatty acids.
Journal of Biological Chemistry
In the enteric bacterium, Escherichia coli, acyl coenzyme A synthetase (fatty acid:CoA ligase (AMP-forming) EC 6.2.1.3) activates exogenous long-chain fatty acids concomitant with their transport across the inner membrane into metabolically active CoA thioesters. These compounds serve as substrates for acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in the first step in the process of B-oxidation. The acyl-CoA synthetase structural gene, fadD, has been identified on clone 6D1 of the Kohara E. coli gene library and by a process of subcloning and complementation analyses shown to be contained on a 2.2kilobase NcoI-CZaI fragment of genomic DNA. The polypeptide encoded within this DNA fragment was identified following T7 RNA polymerase-dependent induction and estimated to be M, = 62,000 using SDS-