Broadsheet; Emerson Respirator, Kolff Brigham Artificial Kidney, Artificial Knee (original) (raw)
Mechanical breathing technology has evolved over centuries. In the 1530s, a fireplace bellows connected to a tube placed in a patient's mouth marked the first attempt on record of ventilation by mechanical means. The earliest body-enclosing respirator was patented in America in 1864 and by 1876 the 'spirophore,' the first functional ventilator, was designed featuring the basic elements of later 'iron lungs' including a metal tank, sliding bed and adjustable rubber collar. The J.H. Emerson Company followed with a practical and commercially viable iron lung allowing hospitals throughout the world to have a standard respirator with replaceable parts.
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A lung for all: Novel mechanical ventilator for emergency and low-resource settings
Life Sciences, 2020
To create a low-cost ventilator that could be constructed with readily-available hospital equipment for use in emergency or low-resource settings. Main methods: The novel ventilator consists of an inspiratory limb composed of an elastic flow-inflating bag encased within a non-compliant outer sheath and an expiratory limb composed of a series of two, one-way bidirectional splitter valves derived from a self-inflating bag system. An Arduino Uno microcontroller controls a solenoid valve that can be programmed to open and close to produce a set respiratory rate and inspiratory time. Using an ASL 5000 Lung Simulator, we obtained flow, pressure, and volume waveforms at different lung compliances. Key findings: At a static lung compliance of 50 mL/cm H 2 O and an airway resistance of 6 cm H 2 O/L/s, ventilated at a PIP and PEEP of 16 and 5 cm H 2 O, respectively, tidal volumes of approximately 540 mL were achieved. At a static lung compliance of 20 mL/cm H 2 O and an airway resistance of 6 cm H 2 O/L/s, ventilated at a PIP and PEEP of 38 and 15 cm H 2 O, respectively, tidal volumes of approximately 495 mL were achieved. Significance: This novel ventilator is able to safely and reliably ventilate patients with a range of pulmonary disease in a simulated setting. Opportunities exist to utilize our ventilator in emergency situations and lowresource settings.
MoMed: An Affordable Mechanical Ventilator
2022 30th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE)
Development of a working prototype of an affordable mechanical ventilator is discussed in this paper. The device uses a bag valve mask and two pushing handles to compress it and force-feed the air into the patient's lungs. A stepper motor along with a reduction mechanism made up of belt drives and spur gears are used to drive the pushing handles. A flow sensor is used to measure the airflow enabling closedloop control of the air volume supplied to patients based on their lung parameters, i.e., compliance, resistance. Two absolute barometric pressure sensors are used to measure and report the gauge pressure and trigger the alarm buzzer in the case of high respiratory pressures. The prototype is tested using a test lung and the test lung's parameters are estimated using the flow and pressure data logged by the onboard microcontroller. Estimated compliance is very close to the test lung's reported compliance but the resistance is higher and the reason seemed to be the tube used to connect the prototype to the test lung.
IRJET- A Review on Ventilators
IRJET, 2020
What is a ventilator and what does it do? Basically, a ventilator assumes control over the body's breathing procedure when sickness has made the lungs come up short. This gives the patient opportunity to ward off the contamination and recoup. Different sorts of clinical ventilation can be utilized. A mechanical ventilator has several uses, whether a cardiac arrest or an asthmatic patient in need of assistance or a pharmalogically paralyzed victim of multiple trauma or in other simple words, acute respiratory failure. So before providing with a mechanical support, a number of factors are taken into consideration including age, effort of breathing and several others. The few problems that may lead to the need for support of mechanical ventilator:-(i) Central Nervous system problems which generally depresses the drive to breathe (ii) Neuromuscular problems that might lead to failure of peripheral nerves and muscles aiding in respirations. (iii) Musculoskeletal and pleural dysfunctions like flail, chest etc. (iv) When the problem arises in airways like asthma. (v) Ability to exchange gases is reduced. For instance, pneumonia.
Effect of assist negative pressure ventilation by microprocessor based iron lung on breathing effort
Thorax, 2002
Background: The lack of patient triggering capability during negative pressure ventilation (NPV) may contribute to poor patient synchrony and induction of upper airway collapse. This study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of a microprocessor based iron lung capable of thermistor triggering. Methods: The effects of NPV with thermistor triggering were studied in four normal subjects and six patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by measuring:
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