Landes and Holtug - Diversity and the Liberal State (original) (raw)
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Pluralism and Diversity: For the Sake of Equal Respect
2020
I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to Elisabetta Galeotti for her willingness to become my supervisor and mentor. I would like to thank her for her helpfulness and for all the comments and valuable advice that she has provided to me. This text would not have been written without her. I would also like to express my thanks to Pavel Dufek, who has been accompanying me throughout my studies. I would like to thank him for his kindness, detailed reading of all my text, and stimulating comments. Without him this text would not have been written. Finally, I would like to sincerely thank Jan Holzer, who guaranteed my doctoral studies and who has been always supportive of me. Additionally, I kindly thank my parents, Ivana and Vladimír, for all their support. It means very much to me. I thank Mirek for his patience and for always standing by me. I thank Vladimír Antonin for his intellectual stimuli and for always leading me to the best results. I also thank my schoolfellows, especially Terka, who has helped me overcome all the difficulties related to doctoral studies. For my grandma who passed away too early. 1.2.2. Non-comprehensive non-perfectionist liberalism 2. Respect as a default moral principle under the conditions of pluralism 2.1. The essentially political level: The justification of coercion for the sake of respect for liberty 2.2. The societal level: Struggles for recognition as struggles for respect 2.3. Recognition respect: The third-person or second-person form? 3. The justification of the exercise of political power and the formation of public reason 3.1. Standards of the justification of political power and its legitimacy 3.2. The principle of respect and the requirement of both the moral and epistemological reasonableness of persons 4. Criticism of the imperative of respect and the dual interpretation of the criterion of reciprocity 4.1. The criterion of reciprocity: The imperative of respect and the role of people's particularities 4.1.1. The convergence approach as a solution? 4.2. The role of the political community and the dual interpretation of the criterion of reciprocity 4.3. Civic friendship and a way to achieve respect at both the essentially political and societal levels 5. Disrespect and misrecognition as a path to radicalization: The case of young Muslims of immigrant origin in France 5.1. Muslim immigration to France: A brief overview 5.1.1. The case of the Kouachi brothers 5.2. Disrespect and misrecognition as reasons for outrage Conclusion 105 Bibliography 109 3 Among others, see Larmore, The Morals of Modernity; Larmore, "The Moral Basis of Political Liberalism"; Larmore, The Autonomy of Morality; Quong, Liberalism without Perfection. 4 Rawls mentions the meaning of the public political culture of democratic society. However, when defining it, he refers solely to political values. Rawls, Political Liberalism, p. 133. See also the first chapter, p. 31. 5 In this context, Kymlicka (but also Margalit and Raz) talks about minority rights. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship; Margalit and Raz, "National Self-Determination."
Rethinking Liberal Multiculturalism: Foundations, Practices and Methodologies
Ethnicities
The article introduces a special issue on “Rethinking Liberal Multiculturalism: Foundations, Practices and Methodologies.” The contributions presented in this special issue were discussed during the conference « Multicultural Citizenship 25 Years Later », held in Paris in November 2021. Their aim is to take stock of the legacy of Kymlicka’s contribution and to highlight new developments in theories of liberal multiculturalism and minority rights. The contributions do not purport to challenge the legitimacy of theories of multiculturalism and minority rights, they rather aim at deepening our understanding of the foundations of liberal multiculturalism and of its practical implementation, sensitive to social scientific dynamics of diverse societies. Without abandoning the general idea that cultural minorities should be granted special minority rights, the essays presented raise new questions about three dimensions central to liberal multiculturalism: its normative foundations, its practical categories of minorities or groups, and its fact-sensitive methodology. Taken together they shed light on the renewed variety of theories of liberal multiculturalism highlighting their complexity and internal disagreements. To introduce these articles, the article first draws a brief historical overview of the debates on multiculturalism since the 1990s (section 1). It then highlights the distinctive aspects of Kymlicka’s contribution (section 2) and identifies recent research trends (section 3). Doing so, it explains how the articles gathered here both expand on those distinctive aspects and explore those new research avenues. The section 4 summarizes the contributions.
The Life and Death of Multiculturalism
Federalism and the Welfare State in a Multicultural World, 2019
Not least among Keith Banting's many significant contributions to the study of public policy has been his analysis of the nature and functions of multiculturalism. Alongside, and often in collaboration with, Will Kymlicka, he has championed the Canadian version of liberal multiculturalism, and sought to explain to its many critics, in Europe especially, why celebrations of its death are not only exaggerated but misguided. In particular, he has defended, persuasively, and with appeal to solid evidence, the following three propositions:
The intersections between liberal political philosophy and the theories of multiculturalism become apparent in the context of the modern states and the political organisation of their societies. While cultural diversity has been a constitutive feature of civilizations historically in and has existed alongside majoritarian regimes since ancient times, the current discourse around multiculturalism is concerned with the coexistence of different cultural groups within liberal democratic states. The meaning of culture is crucial in developing an understanding of the constitution of different groups in society while also playing an important role in formulating policies and norms for modern democracies. The current strand of multicultural theoretical scholarship emanates from within liberalism in light of the dominant group ideology becoming the state's operative paradigm. The main argument of its proponents is framed in the context of liberalism's supposed ignorance of cultural rights of minority groups and argues for group rights and group-differentiated rights as a corrective measure. The rationale behind this argument is premised on a belief that cultural groups ought to maintain their distinctive identities and need not give them up in order to assimilate in the dominant cultural groups' norms and practices.
Multiculturalism: A Friend or an Enemy of Equality?
Political Thought, 2011
By focusing on the demands of cultural groups, multiculturalism neglects two key liberal principles: equality and liberty of individual consciousness. In so doing it limits the space for the diversification of identities. The degree to which this is the case varies according to the type of multiculturalism espoused. Hence, the implications of the communitarian multiculturalism of Charles Taylor are to limit the space significantly. Will Kymlicka's liberal multiculturalism on the other hand, in spite making an attempt to counter such tendencies also acts to limit the possibility for the diversification of identities.
Palgrave MacMillan, 2013
In both political practice and political theory, multiculturalism has been heavily critiqued. Yet despite the political backlashwhich is far from universal with countries such as Canada and Australia having very different experiences to those of Europeand the 'civic turn' in political theory, the theoretical underpinnings of multiculturalism are far from obsolete. The key question for multiculturalism, of which liberal multiculturalism is now the most dominant strand, concerns the fair terms of integration. What is required is a form of multiculturalism that is not just a theoretical ideal, but one that can speak to the empirical contexts in which it is practised.
Multiculturalism and Egalitarianism
This essay examines the links between Canadian multiculturalism and racism and presents a critical account of its historical transformation over the last forty years. To this end, the essay discusses the role of multicultural ideology in the formation of the postwar hegemonic historic bloc in which a new national identity emerged out of the ruins of the British Empire and through the passage to U.S. global paramountcy. The essay explores the contradictions of this postwar nationalism and examines its crisis, providing an account of the structural transformation underway of both racism and multiculturalist ideology as the Harper Conservatives seek to establish a new historic bloc in the face of the deep crisis of U.S. global hegemony. The essay argues for the importance of understanding how the Utopianism of multiculturalism depends on the revitalization of an egalitarian counter-environment to the republic of property and its world system of nation-states.