Physical fitness is a major determinant of femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density (original) (raw)
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Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2004
Longitudinal Relationship Between Physical Activity and Lumbar Bone Density in Men and Women aged 18-29 Murphy, Michelle M.1; Evans, Rachel K.1; Nindl, Bradley C. FACSM1; Sheehan, Kathleen M.1; Wade, Charles M. FACSM2; Scoville, Charles R.1 Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36(5):p S290, May 2004. Physical activity is often recommended as a method to improve bone health, yet recent evidence suggests that a threshold may exist at which physical activity becomes deleterious to bone mineralization. Indeed, stress fracture injury is related to high running mileage during military training, and is more prevalent in women. PURPOSE: To assess the relationship between athletic activities (running and high impact sports) and lumbar bone mineral density in physically active, age-matched men and women over a 10-year period. METHODS: 48 male and 59 female West Point cadets participated in this longitudinal study. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess lumbar spine (L2-4) bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone area biannually during college (1989–1993), and 6 years after graduation (1999). Running hrs/week (RH) and hrs/week of impact sports (SP) were averaged over the college years and related to BMD in 1993 for men (BMD = 1.36 ± 0.15) and women (BMD = 1.30 ± 0.12) separately. RH and SP were also averaged over 1993 to 1999 and related to BMD in 1999 (men BMD = 1.31 ± 0.15 and women BMD = 1.31 ± 0.11). The change in fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) from 89–93 and 93–99 were also calculated. Multiple linear regression was used to predict BMD in 1993 and 1999, separately, and the change in BMD from 89–93 and 93–99, using average RH, average SP, ΔFM and ΔLM as independent variables. RESULTS: BMD increased significantly for both men (4.7%) and women (2.8%) during the college years. Six years later women maintained their BMD, whereas male BMD significantly decreased (3.8%). The change in FM and LM was not related to the change in BMD. In men, SP from 89–93 (mean 2.9 hrs/wk, range 0–15.2) was related to BMD in 1993 (R = 0.37, R2 = 0.14, P<0.001), and SP (mean 1.1 hrs/wk, range 0–5.0) from 93–99 was related to BMD in 1999 (R = 0.34, R2 = 0.12, P = 0.02). In women, the change in BMD from 89–93 was negatively related to RH (mean 1.8 hrs/wk, range 0.3–8.8) from 89–93 (R = 0.36, R2 = 0.13, P = 0.005) and was positively related to RH (mean 1.5 hrs/wk, range 0–6.3) from 93–99 (R = 0.47, R2 = 0.22, P<0.001). These relationships were significant for BMC but not for bone area. CONCLUSION: In this study, longitudinal changes in BMD from age 18 to 29 were influenced by impact sport hrs/wk for men and running hrs/wk for women. These changes in BMD appear to be due to mineralization and not to changes in bone area. In college-aged women there was a negative relationship between BMD and running hours, which was not observed in men. This may indicate that gender differences exist in the adaptation of bone to physical activity. ©2004 The American College of Sports Medicine
Bone, 1997
The association between sports participation during adolescence and peri-and postmenopausai bone mineral density (BMD) was examined among 2025 women aged 48-58 years. Adolescent recreational and competitive sporting activities were registered with a self-administered questionnaire. Altogether, 881 (43.5%) women stated that they had taken part in sports during their adolescence. BMD was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in lumbar vertebrae 2-4 and the left femoral neck. The unadjusted BMD was 2.4% higher (/7 = 0.001) and the adjusted BMD was 1.4% higher in the spine (p = 0.015 after adjusting for age, weight, time from menopause to densitometry, and duration of estrogen replacement therapy) among women who had taken part in sports during their adolescence compared to women who had been inactive. There was no significant difference in femoral neck BMD between these groups. The results of this populationbased study suggest that intense recreational physical activity in adolescence could play some role in preventing axial osteoporosis in later life. (Bone 21:363-367; 1997) © 1997 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Journal of Osteoporosis, 2013
Weight-bearing and resistance physical activities are recommended for osteoporosis prevention, but it is unclear whether an intensity level above current recommendations has a positive effect on adult premenopausal women. Body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) by DXA were compared in three groups of women as follows: Sedentary, Maintenance exercise, and federated Sport Team (n=16for each group). Physical activity was estimated from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The groups did not differ in age, height, weight, or body mass index. Bone mineral content and non-fat soft tissue mass were higher and fat mass was lower in the Sport Team group than in the other groups. The same was true for BMD of total skeleton, lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip. A test for linear trend of body composition and BMD showed significant results when including all three groups. Simple and multiple regression analyses showed significant associations between physical ...
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2009
Potential determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) were studied cross-sectionally in 115 healthy, sexually mature Caucasian women aged 18 years. Bone mineral density (Hologic QDR1000W) of the lumbar spine, proximal femur (five sites), and distal tibia and fibula; fasting blood and urine calcium biochemistry; serum sex hormone levels (follicular phase); nutrient intakes; aerobic fitness; trunk muscle strength; and habitual activity levels were measured. The effects of heredity were considered by measuring the BMD of 107 of the subjects' mothers. Simple and stepwise regression analysis were used to identify significant determinants of BMD at each of the regions studied. The analysis indicated that significant bivariate correlations exist between BMD at all sites and body weight (r = 0.23-0.47, p 5 0.01), lean body weight (r = 034-0.46), trunk strength (r = 0.27-0.47), physical activity score (r = 0.20-0.25), and aerobic fitness (r = 0.29-0.45). Dietary calcium intake correlated significantly with BMD at the trochanter site only (r = 0.19), and none of the biochemical or hormonal indices measured correlated consistently with BMD at any site. Significant correlations between the BMD of mothers and daughters ranged from r = 0.43 at lumbar spine to r = 034 at the intertrochanteric site. Paired t-tests showed the daughters had significantly (p < 0.03) lower BMD than their mothers at the lumbar spine (98 f 12% [mean k SD]) and significantly higher (p < 0.002) BMD at the femoral neck, trochanter, and total hip sites (110 2 16%, 108 f 17%, 103 f 14%, respectively). When stepwise regression analysis included weight-corrected strength of the trunkflexor muscles (Corr Flex), weight-corrected aerobicfitness (Corr VOZmax), physical activity score, and body weight, body weight was the only significant determinant of BMD at all sites. Corr Flex made significant contributions at all sites except the femoral neck, while Corr VOZmax made additional contribution at the femoral neck, trochanter, total hip, and shaff of femur sites. These variables accounted for 13-27% of the variance in BMD. The addition of mother's BMD to these independent variables, in stepwise regression analysis, improved the prediction to 18 -31% of the variance. Sinake M, Offord KP 1988 Physical activity in postmenopausal women: Effect on back muscle strength and bone mineral density of the spine. Arch Phys Med Rehabil
Functional fitness and bone mineral density in the elderly
Archives of Osteoporosis, 2012
Bone quality has been associated with genetic factors and several environmental influences. This study suggests that although functional fitness should be considered in clinical assessments of bone health, body composition appears to have a higher relevance in the explanation of bone health/strength in older people. Purpose This study aims to describe the association between functional fitness (FF), other constitutive factors, and bone health/strength in a large community-dwelling sample of elderly active Portuguese. Methods This cross-sectional study included 401 males and 401 females aged 60-79 years old. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the total body, lumbar spine (LS), and hip region was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In addition, femur strength index (FSI) was determined. FF was assessed using the Senior Fitness Test. Demographic information and a health history were obtained by telephone interview through questionnaire. Results Aerobic endurance and body strength were positively related with hip BMD region in males (0.10<r< 0.16; p < 0.01-0.05) and females (0.13 < r < 0.28; p < 0.01). No significant correlation was found between any FF test and LS BMD, except for upper-body strength in females. After controlling for other constitutive predictors (sex, age, height, body mass (BM), total fat mass (TFM), and total lean tissue mass (TLTM)), FF had a minor contribution only in prediction of BMD at multisites and FSI. The total explained variance for all determinants was moderate (R²00.35 for femoral neck (FN) BMD, R²00.27 for LS BMD, R²00.49 total body BMD, and R²00.22 for FSI). Conclusions Sex, age, height, BM, TLTM, and TFM entered as the most significant contributors for BMD and FSI. Although FF parameters are typically considered in clinical assessments of bone health/strength in older people, body composition appears to have a higher relevance in the explanation of BMD and strength.
Purpose: Given that weight and body mass index (BMI) are considered as modifiable factors in osteoporosis, the present study aimed to examine the relationship of weight and BMI with bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) at the femur and lumbar vertebrae in perimenopausal women. Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, we measured the bone density of the femur and lumbar vertebrae (L1-L4) of 40 women in perimenopause stage (Mean±SD age: 42.85±1.86 years; Mean±SD weight: 69.55±10.97 kg; Mean±SD height: 159.42±6.01 cm; and Mean±SD BMI: 27.60±4.04 kg/m2) using a bone densitometry system. The study data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression analysis, at 0.05 significance level. All analyses were performed using SPSS v. 21. Results: Women in the normal group were significantly different from women in the obese group with regard to BMD and BMC (P=0.001). Weight and BMI were positively correlated with BMD and BMC. Weight and BMI, together, could explain 42% and 37% of the variance of BMD and BMC at the lumbar vertebrae, respectively; and 70% and 63% of the variance of BMD and BMC at the total hip, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the present study support the predictive role of weight and BMI in BMD and BMC. Therefore, future studies are suggested to examine other effective factors with larger samples.
Correlation of Body Mass Index & Physical Activity with Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women
2019
s: Background & objectives: Bone Mineral Density (BMD) estimates strength of bones. There is an increasing incidence and prevalence of osteoporosis with about 200 million women having osteoporosis worldwide. In India it is emerging as a major health problem in elderly women. It is proved that exercise protects osteoporosis. Many studies has been reported a positive correlation between Body Mass Index, physical activity & BMD. But only in postmenopausal women studies are less hence this study is planned to find correlation of BMI and physical activity with BMD. Methods: In 131 postmenopausal women BMD was estimated by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) for spine and femur in gm/cm 2. BMI and physical activity was also found out. Data was analysed using correlation coefficient. Results: There was positive correlation between BMI and BMD. (p≤ 0.05) Also, there was positive correlation between Physical activity and BMD, though the correlation was not statistically significant. Interpretation & conclusion: Body mass index and physical activity are positively correlated with bone mineral density. BMD screening program for older adults should be encouraged for early detection of osteoporotic risk and to prevent further complications.
Muscle strength, physical fitness, and weight but not age predict femoral neck bone mass
Journal of bone and …, 1989
Hip fractures are the most serious complication of osteoporosis. Although low proximal femoral bone mineral density (BMD) does not cause hip fractures directly, it is clearly a prerequisite for the increased risk associated with aging. To investigate the mechanism of the age-related decline in proximal femoral bone mineral density, we have examined the relative importance of muscle strength, physical fitness, and body mass index (BMI) in addition to age in the determination of proximal femoral BMD in 73 healthy female volunteers age 20-75 years. Muscle strength was an independent predictor of BMD at all three sites in the proximal femur as well as in the lumbar spine and forearm; proximal femur BMD was also predicted by physical fitness. BMI was a positive predictor of bone mass at all sites. In the proximal femur, age was not an independent predictor of BMD at any site. In postmenopausal women muscle strength was a significant predictor of bone mass in the femur and forearm, but not in the spine. However, BMI remained predictive of bone mineral at all sites. Muscle strength, physical fitness, and weight appear to exert independent effects upon bone mass. Age effects may be mediated indirectly through associated changes in these factors. The integrated physical load on the skeleton may be a final common pathway. Although several studies have shown a significant rela