Evaluation of PMMA joining to stainless steel 304 using pulsed Nd:YAG laser (original) (raw)
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2012
Resume Due to the effort of weight reduction in the manufacturing of vehicles, the application and therefore the joining of different materials such as plastics and metals plays more and more important role in the development of the joining processes nowadays. In this research work, the joining of PMMA plastic sheets and unalloyed steel pins was investigated. The authors applied Nd:YAG laser beam to create the bond, and tensile tests were carried out to analyse how the strength of the joint is influenced by the heating time, the penetration depth of the steel workpieces in the plastic and the surface roughness of steel. The observed bubble formation and the tearing characteristics were also studied.
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The search for lightweight structures increases the demand for non-metallic materials, such as polymers, composites, and hybrid structures. This work presents the dissimilar joining through direct laser joining between polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and S235 galvanised steel using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The main goal is to determine the influence of processing parameters on joint strength and quality. In addition, the impact of surface conditions on the joint quality was also analysed. Overall, the optimum ranges of process parameters were found, and some are worth highlighting, such as the laser beam diameter and pulse duration, which significantly influenced the joint strength. Failure of the welded samples occurred in PMMA component, demonstrating good joint efficiency. Additionally, a maximum increase of 5.1% of the tensile shear strength was achieved thanks to the mechanical pre-treatment. It is possible to conclude that the joining between PMMA and the S235 galvanised steel can...
Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2019
Direct laser joining of metal to plastic materials is one of the cost effective methods of joining. The demand for laser welding of stainless steels and thermoplastics is going on increase because of having many applications such as automotive, aerospace and aviation industries. This paper presents the experimental investigation of direct laser joining of stainless steel 304 and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). The effects of pulsed laser parameters including laser welding speed, focal length, frequency and power on the themperature field and tensile shear load was investigated. The results showed that excessive increase of the joint interface temperature mainly induced by high laser power density results in exiting of the more volume of the molten ABS from the stainless steel melt pool. Also, increasing the laser power density through decreasing the focal length or increasing the laser power led to an increase in the surface temperature, higher beam penetration and high volume of molten ABS. Decreasing the focal length from 5 to 2 mm significantly rose the temperature from 150 to 300°C. By increasing the laser pulse frequency, the number of bobbles at the ABS interface surface remarkably increased where the temperature increased from 120 to 180°C. The X-ray spectroscopy results showed the existence of the polymer elements on the metal surface at the joint interface zone. The tensile shear load clearly increased from 280 to 460 N with augmentation of laser average power from 180 W to 215 W. Applying higher levels of laser power has clearly decreased the tensile shear load due to creating bigger bobbles and more cavities at the adhesive zone.
Dissimilar Materials Micro Welding between Stainless Steel and Plastics by Using Pulse YAG Laser
Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering, 2009
Direct joint of dissimilar materials between SUS304 stainless steel and plastics, PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) or PC (Polycarbonate), was studied by using pulse YAG laser. Welding configuration was lap joint. Weldability and shear-tensile strength were investigated for the joints. It was possible to make a joint for both combination of materials, SUS304/PET and SUS304/PC. Weldable condition range was wider in case of SUS304/PET joint compared to that in case of SUS304/PC joint. The difference in the weldability may be due to difference in glass transition temperature of the plastics. Pores were observed in plastics near the interface of the joint for both combinations of the materials when the joint welded with higher heat input. Sear-tensile test was carried out for the joints. SUS304/PET joint shows higher strength compared to SUS304/PC joint. Higher strength was observed for the joint which includes pores near the interface in plastics. However, if large size and number of pores are existing near the interface in plastics, the pores play as a defect and causes degradation of the strength.
A Study on Behavior of Materials Under The Influence of Laser Joining
IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2022
Laser welding will be an important welding process for different applications in aerospace , aircraft , automotive, electronics and other industries, due to its capabilities like minimum heat affected zone, welding of various thicknesses, adoptability to welding of various materials possessing widely varying physical properties like melting point, absorption, reflectivity etc. It utilizes laser source as a non contact heat generation technology to weld different materials so as to achieve welds of high quality narrow width and high penetration depths without the need of filler wires. It may be necessary to understand the effect of process parameters on the weldability of materials for successful welding. Laser welding popularly uses two types of lasers like CO2 and Nd:YAG (neodymium doped yttrium – aluminium – garnet) with different powers. Nd:YAG lasers are used to weld materials of different thicknesses involving powers upto 5 kW. Whereas, CO2 lasers are used for applications which involve higher powers upto 20 kW. Laser welding allows a direct transition from light energy into heat energy. This technique is involved with the process of laser - matter interaction in which various parameters such as pulse energy, pulse duration, spot size, welding speed, laser power, weld width, penetration depth, reflectivity, absorption coefficient, thermodynamic properties etc. are used for analysis. This paper presents a review of the different parameters including process as well as materials on the weldability of various materials like carbon steels, stainless steels, magnesium alloys, aluminium alloys, refractory materials such as vanadium, titanium, zirconium, tantalum etc. The selection of appropriate parameter for welding of specified material is discussed. The prominent weld defects common to the laser welding such as porosity, oxide inclusions, cracking, loss of alloying elements etc., are discussed as related to the microstructure as well as mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength and fatigue strength etc.
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Laser transmission welding involves localized heating and non-contact techniques at the interface of two polymer pieces to be joined. The welding quality is very sensitive to speed welding, thickness and welding line width and depth. This work presents the laser transmission welding of Poly(Methyl Meta acrylate) PMMA polymer transparent and oblique slabs. A semiconductor laser with 808 nm wavelength, 2 W output power and a 2 mm beam diameter was used. Three different transparent slabs with dimensions 40 Â 60 mm and thickness (2.6, 3.7, 4.3 mm) were fixed tightly onto oblique slab (dark color). Three different selected speeds (44, 113, 150 mm/min) of the welding process were applied to the prepared samples. Results indicate the welding line width and depth were inversely proportional to the welding speed while the transparent slab thickness have little effect. Nine experiments were performed for the three different thickness at different speeds. Taguchi method and grey relational analysis were used to determine the optimum values for welding speed, width, depth and thickness during these nine experiments. The results exhibit good agreement with those of the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis.
Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences, 2017
This work describes seam welding process using dissimilar ferrous metals by pulsed Nd:YAG. The main objective of this work is to achieve the best welding conditions. This imposes careful selection for the welding parameters and inevitably the well design of experiment (DOE). Sheets of ASTM A240/316L stainless steel to ASTM A570/Gr30 carbon steel all of 0.5 mm in thickness were lap welded. Different pulse energies or the related peak power, pulse duration, pulse repetition rate, and welding speeds were used. Moreover, different welding speeds were controlled by the employed manipulator. The laser beam spot diameter and the standoff distance were fixed. Experimental results are supported by the computational 2D and 3D models. In this article response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to design the experiment and obtain the best parameters through a set of mathematical models that define the weld characteristics. The results show that the best joint in term of joint strength is obtained at 31.9 J pulse energy (related to 5.5 kW peak power and 5.8 ms pulse duration), power density of 1.43×10 6 W/cm 2 , 1.5 Hz pulse repetition rate, and 0.5 mm/s welding speed.
Procedia Engineering, 2017
In principle, a laser can weld any materials, which can be joined by conventional and other nonconventional processes. Dissimilar joining technologies find applications in many sectors including microelectronics, medical and aerospace. The laser weldability of dissimilar materials depends on many factors such as physical and chemical properties. In the presented study, the laser lap joint of stainless steel 304 and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is investigated using a continuous wave fiber laser. All the important parameters such as laser power and welding speed based on full factorial method have been considered in this paper. The quality criteria considered to determine the optimal parameter settings were the maximization of shearing force. The collected data has been analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) method to find the significance factor that effects on laser welding of stainless steel 304 and ABS. A focused beam with laser power 230 W and welding speed 16 mm/s were identified as the optimal set of laser welding parameters to obtain stronger and better welds. This research is conducted to reveal the possible of strong dissimilar lap joint by a direct joining laser radiation without using adhesive bonds or mechanical fasteners.
Hybrid Joining of Steel and Plastic Materials by Laser Beam
TRANSPORT, 2013
Hybrid joining of metals and plastics in order to produce lightweight parts is of growing interest in the manufacturing processes of vehicles, electrical devices and biomedical applications. In this study, the joining of PMMA plastic (poly methyl metacrylate) and unalloyed steel were investigated by the authors. The authors successfully joined PMMA and steel by means of Nd:YAG laser and carried out tensile tests to measure the joining strength. Experimental results showed that the joint strength is influenced by the heating time, the penetration depth of the steel workpieces in the plastic, by the surface roughness of steel and by the time elapsed between bonding and tearing of the samples.