Inheritance of compartmentalization of wounds in sweetgurn (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and Eastern cotton wood (Populus deltoides Bstrtr.) (original) (raw)
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Cellular variation within the wood of eastern cottonwood
Eastern cottonwood is rapidly becoming important in paper and fiber board manufacture. It is one of Iowa's most important woods and exhibits rapid growth and high productivity in plantations on lands unsuitable for agriculture. Also, Farmer and Wilcox (1966) have indicated its possibilities for genetic selection. The general objectives of this part of the study were to investigate within-tree variation of the proportion of wood elements, cross-sectional fiber dimensions, specific gravity, fiber length and ring width with respect to height, age, and cardinal direction in two rapidly growing eastern cottonwood trees. Specifically, this meant the study was to: 1) Characterize the within-tree variation of the dependent variables vessel percentage, ray percentage, fiber percentage, tangential double cell wall thickness, radial fiber diameter, radial lumen diameter, vessel number, specific gravity, fiber length, and ring width in the form of horizontal and vertical trends. 2) Determine a model relating the above dependent variables to the independent variables height, age of tree when the wood was formed, cambial age, and cardinal direction. 3) Investigate the interrelationships between the dependent variables through correlation observations. These data will be used by researchers to develop sampling techniques to help inventory the variability of Cottonwood's anatomical properties. They will also be used by researchers studying possible relationships be tween anatomical properties and physiological gradients v/ithin the tree (Jacobs, 1959)» in hopes of determining a way to manipulate Cottonwood's anatomical properties.
2013
ii © Chad P. Giblin 2013 i Acknowledgements The completion of this thesis and installation and maintenance of the related research is entirely a team effort. I owe a great many thanks to my advisor, Gary Johnson, and committee members, Jeff Gillman and Tony D'Amato. Gary has shown tireless support and patience in completion of this thesis over what can only be described as an unconventional time-frame! Gary never gives up. Jeff Gillman, also my supervisor, has been equally instrumental in my completion by providing both the support and network for both the actual research and extensive expertise in manuscript writing. Finally, Tony D'Amato has provided invaluable statistics recommendations and editorial support for this thesis and continues to be both a great mentor and sounding board for experimental design and statistical analysis. Without encouragement and support from these fine gentlemen I would have never started. Many staff members also helped in both the installation and maintenance of this research: David Hanson, Rebecca Koetter, Sean Peterson, and Brian Rodriques were all key-players in making this project a reality. Minnesota Tree Care Advisor volunteers were also instrumental in the massive effort of re-mulching -twice! The University of Minnesota Landcare Department kindly supplied the wood mulch for this project and continues to be a great research partner. Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board Forestry Division and Saint Paul Parks & Recreation Forestry Unit continue to provide support for our project through research partnerships. Without their sponsorship the land that grew the trees described herein would likely be back in a corn-soybean rotation. A TREE Fund grant was used to purchase camera, control computer, and lights and studio equipment necessary to collect and analyze nearly all the data. Thanks to all the folks who make that program a reality. Lastly, I must thank all of the undergraduate students, who over the last seven years have contributed countless hours to this and similar projects. Ben Conti-Masanz, Liam ii McClannahan and Colleen Rice helped set up the wounding and initial mulch treatments in this study. Bridget Helwig spearheaded the development of ImageJ protocols and assisted in key training other staff in use of the software package. Davin Shokes and Emily Hanson were on the harvest crew and joined us on cold winter days to cut down otherwise perfectly good trees. Finally, my greatest thanks goes to Greg
Tree physiology, 2009
In this greenhouse experiment, 3-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were wounded by drilling holes through the stem. In the xylem next to the wound, the concentration of resin acids (RAC) increased, and the production of extractives typical for heartwood (stilbenes) and knotwood (stilbenes and lignans) of mature trees was induced. The induced stilbenes were pinosylvin (PS) and pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSM), and the lignans nortrachelogenin (NTG) and matairesinol (MR). There was positive phenotypic correlation between concentrations of the different extractives. Except for the RAC, the extractive concentrations showed no correlation with the size of the seedlings. The treated seedlings belonged to half-sib families, which enabled the estimation of the genetic parameters for the response variables. The proportion of heritable variation (heritability, h(2)) in the concentration of PS, NTG and MR varied between 0.71 and 1.03, whereas for PSM and RAC the heritability...
Resistance is not futile: The response of hardwoods to fire-caused wounding
2000
Fires wound trees; but not all of them, and not always. Specific fire behavior and differences among tree species and individual trees produce variable patterns of wounding and wound response. Our work focuses on the relationships between fire behavior and tree biology to better understand how hardwood trees resist injury to the lower stem and either survive or succumb to low-intensity fire. Our objectives here were to 1) define and describe the wounding process, 2) to describe compartmentalization and wound closure and 3) to discuss species-specific differences among several common hardwood trees in the resistance to injury and resilience after wounding. Characteristics of fire scars are summarized.
Modeling Wound-Closure Response Over Time in Douglas-Fir Trees
Forest Science
Wound closure is an important component of tree recovery from bole damage. Damage to young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) stands in the precommercial and commercial stages is common, yet few studies have looked at how trees at these stages of stand development respond to common forms of damage. Using data from a 10-year study of artificially damaged Douglas-fir trees, we found reduced potential for relative wound closure with increasing initial tree bole diameter, and increasing initial relative bole area damaged. Wound-closure rates increased for longer periods of time in more vigorous trees, trees on better-quality sites, and trees with intact live crowns. Wound-closure rates were reduced for trees with more relative bole damage, smaller live crown cross-sections, slower relative diameter growth, and more crown competition. Trees with low levels of bole damage relative to lower bole surface area produced more callus tissue than was necessary to cover the original wound, suggesting that long-term tree stability should recover for low levels of bole damage.
Response of Young, Fruiting Sour Cherry Trees to One-time Trunk Injury at Harvest Date
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science
The influence of increasing levels of trunk damage on vegetative and reproductive capacity of 3- to 5-year-old `Montmorency' sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) trees was determined for three seasons. Removal of or damage to bark up to halfway around the trunk circumference minimally affected growth and productivity. The total wound callus produced per tree was related to wound size. Wound repair was variable depending on the type or extent of injury. Removal of damaged bark greatly reduced wound repair. Girdling 75% or 100% of the trunk circumference resulted in no tree mortality at one site and 17% and 50% mortality, respectively, at another. Differentiated phloem in wound callus of trees with 100% bark removal and survival 4 years following injury indicated that vascular reconnection occurred across wounds.
Wound Response of the Bark in Healthy and Declining Silver Firs (Abies Alba)
IAWA Journal, 1994
The bark of five healthy and six declining silver firs (Abies alba Mill.) was artficially wounded in July 1991. Structural changes were observed 6, 9, 16,23, and 40 days later. After 6-9 days, there was necrosis and deposition of polyphenols in the exposed tissues. Hypertrophy of the axial and ray parenchyma, and hyperplasia of the rays resulted in the formation of a parenchymatic zone below the necrotic tissues. The outermost cells of this zone just below the necrotic tissues exhibited thickening of walls and lignification in the corners of individual cells. Except in two apparently healthy trees and one strongly declining test tree, intracellular suberin was detectable in some lignified cells by day 16. By then polyphenols were visible in the axial parenchyma cells underneath the parenchymatic zone. Between 23 and 40 days after wounding, progressive suberisation resulted in the formation of a 'ligno-suberised zone', which fused with the phellem of the pre-existing periderm...