Functional Brain Imaging: A Comprehensive Survey (original) (raw)

ADVANCES IN FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING: A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY FOR ENGINEERS AND PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS

Functional brain imaging allows the measure of dynamic functionality in all brain regions. It has highly impacted the clinical and research cognitive neuroscience since its imaging techniques allow the observation of neural activities in the brain simultaneously. In an earlier era when functional brain mapping was initiated by phrenologists, many scientists questioned the utility of functional mapping given the wealth of structural information. Today, we know that functional brain information can inform and extend structural information, leading to a more complete understanding of brain activity. This review paper, which is designed be useful to those who have an interest in functional brain imaging, such as engineers or physical scientists, will present a review of non-invasive modalities used in functional brain imaging. This work will also concentrate on established techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as well as emerging techniques such as functional optical imaging.

Functional imaging in neurosciences

Journal of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, 2015

Recent advances in functional imaging of the brain have enabled a better understanding of the brain functions in health and disease. Amongst various functional imaging techniques, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been more rigorously employed in both clinical practice and in the research arena. This review will discuss the principles and techniques of fMRI, its role in understanding the pathophysiology of brain injury and finally, its clinical application in diagnosing neurological conditions and prognostication of outcome in patients with neurological disorders.

Functional brain imaging with use of a new and powerful neuroimaging technique

Most of the information available on the human brain came from subjects who had sustained major head wounds, or who suffered from various mental disorders. By determining the extent of brain damage, and the nature of the loss of function, it was possible to infer which regions of the brain were responsible for which function. With the development of the imaging techniques of computerised tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging it was possible to be more specific as to the location of damage in brain injured patients. The measurement of the electrical signals on the scalp, arising from the synchronous firing of the neurons in response to a stimulus, known as electroencephalography (EEG), opened up new possibilities in studying brain function in normal subjects. However it was the advent of the functional imaging modalities of positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) that led to a new era in the study of brain function. In this paper the mechanisms of the techniques mentioned above are outlined, together with an assessment of their strengths and weaknesses. Then an introduction to the Metabolism and Blood Flow in the Brain is given. This is followed by a more detailed explanation of functional MRI and how such experiments are performed.

Functional Neuroimaging: some critical issues

2021

Functional neuroimaging is any means to determine the effects of brain injury or disease on brain systems and functioning related to cognition and behavior and determined how treatment changes brain systems [1]. Functional neuroimaging has improved our understanding of neurobiology and bran processes in play during various routine tasks in both normal subjects and patient populations and also has also helped elucidate the role of various brain circuits and areas in the pathogenesis and maintenance of psychiatric disorders. There have been thought of using functional neuroimaging in day to day clinical practice and making the imaging modality affordable and available to all. We've come a long way from post-mortem studies to understand the brain to structural imaging methods such as computed axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have allowed us to begin to visually depict the shape and size of the living brain. Structural neuroimaging technologies are u...

Methods for functional brain imaging

2011

List of Figures 2-1 Schematic of the EVI pulse sequence diagram showing the first few partitions. The readout waveform is alternating direction identically to that of conventional EPI. The phase-encoding blips (PE) are interleaved between the readout ADC windows. Note the phase-encoding rewinder between the partitions. Blips in the partition-encoding direction (PE 2

Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles and Techniques, SECOND EDITION

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become a standard tool for mapping the working brain's activation patterns, both in health and in disease. It is an interdisciplinary field and crosses the borders of neuroscience, psychology, psychiatry, radiology, mathematics, physics, and engineering. Developments in techniques, procedures and our understanding of this field are expanding rapidly. In this second edition of Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Richard Buxtona leading authority on fMRIprovides an invaluable guide to how fMRI works, from introducing the basic ideas and principles to the underlying physics and physiology. He covers the relationship between fMRI and other imaging techniques and includes a guide to the statistical analysis of fMRI data. This book will be useful both to the experienced neuroscientist, and the clinician or researcher with no previous knowledge of the technology.

Special issues in functional magnetic resonance imaging

1997

Functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging is a technique which can be used to perform similar brain activation studies to PET, although non-invasively, but it can also provide additional information to that available from PET. The study of brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) poses an additional set of problems, both from an acquisition and processing standpoint, to those that have been comprehensively addressed for PET in previous chapters.

Some problems for representations of brain organization based on activation in functional imaging

Brain and Language, 2007

Functional brain imaging has overshadowed traditional lesion studies in becoming the dominant approach to the study of brain-behavior relationships. The proponents of functional imaging studies frequently argue that this approach provides an advantage over lesion studies by observing normal brain activity in vivo without the disruptive effects of brain damage. However, the enthusiastic onslaught of brain images, frequently presented as

Seven topics in functional magnetic resonance imaging

2009

Functional MRI (fMRI) is a non-invasive brain imaging methodology that started in 1991 and allows human brain activation to be imaged at high resolution within only a few minutes. Because it has extremely high sensitivity, is relatively easy to implement, and can be performed on most standard clinical MRI scanners. It continues to grow at an explosive rate throughout the world.