COBVIS-D: A Computer Vision System for Describing the Cephalo-Ocular Behavior of Drivers in a Driving Simulator (original) (raw)
Visuomotor strategies using driving simulators in virtual and pre-recorded environment
Advances in …, 2008
Drivers fix their gaze where they are planning to go. It is considered that steering is based on optic flow, the formation of visual motion at the moving eye. Different studies have analyzed the impact of visuomotor strategies on steering but, to our knowledge, few studies have compared visual strategies using similar urban videoprojected environments. The aim of this study is to compare subjects' visuomotor strategies on similar videoprojected environments in a fixed-base driving simulator. Experienced car drivers are exposed to two visual environments: a real traffic urban scenario pre-recorded on video; and the 3D simulation of the same scene. The visual environment represents a district of the center of Paris, between the Louvre and the Opera. Subjects' visual strategies are recorded using a binocular eye tracking system (Eyelink II). It is supposed that visuomotor strategies depend on the degree of similarity between both environments. The results indicate that eye movements differ between pre-recorded and virtual environment. Integration of information in the saccade buffer and visual attention control may explain these results.
Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association
The National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS), located at the University of Iowa, is a research facility that specializes in conducting driving simulation research for government and industry sponsors. The facility contains several driving simulators including the NADS-1 owned by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which is the largest, highest fidelity, and most advanced ground vehicle research simulator in the United States. The facility also houses the NADS-2, a static base simulator, and the MiniSim™, a portable desktop simulator.
Vertical field of view restriction in driver training: A simulator-based evaluation
Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 2014
The young driver problem requires remedial measures against speeding and overconfidence. Previous research has shown that increasing the task difficulty during training can enhance subsequent retention performance and prevent overconfidence. In this driving simulator study, we evaluated the training effectiveness of vertical field of view restriction during a self-paced lane-keeping task. Sixty-two young, inexperienced drivers were divided into three groups: a near view (NV) group (upper part of the screen was blanked), a far view (FV) group (lower part of the screen was blanked), and a control group driving with full sight. All groups drove three training sessions lasting 8 min each on a curved rural road, followed by two retention sessions with full sight. The first retention session took place on the same rural road and the second session on a highway. Compared to the control group, the NV group drove with lower mean speed and had more road departures during training. Furthermore, NV drivers reported significantly lower confidence during the training sessions and the second retention session. NV drivers directed their eye gaze more closely to the vehicle during training and both retention sessions. FV drivers approached corners with lower speed compared to the control group during training and had a higher number of rapid steering wheel turns during training and both retention sessions. In conclusion, removing visual information resulted in lower reported self-confidence (NV) and altered steering behavior (FV) in retention sessions compared to driving with full sight. Furthermore, NV training caused drivers to direct their gaze closely to the vehicle during retention, which may be negative for road safety. Possible effects of simulator-based driver training on eye-scanning and safety are discussed.
Travail Humain, 2017
Eye movements analysis offers the possibility to investigate what is behind the eyes: our brain. Among the variety of activities studied by cognitive ergonomics, car driving received particular attention regarding visual exploration. Here, the four main techniques used to analyse eye movement data while driving have been applied to gaze positions analysis while negotiating bends under manual and highly automated driving. Gaze positions of eighteen drivers were recorded on a driving simulator. (1) Gaze plots and (2) areas of interest analysis based on the visual screen (without information on displayed images) did not reveal detailed differences between manual and highly automated driving, whereas (3) dynamic areas of interest and (4) dynamic point based on a dynamic element of the driving scene showed a disengagement from visual information required to steer the vehicle in bends in highly automated driving.
Application of Eye-Tracking in the Testing of Drivers: A Review of Research
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 2015
Recording and analyzing eye movements provide important elements for understanding the nature of the task of driving a vehicle. This article reviews the literature on eye movement strategies employed by drivers of vehicles (vehicle control, evaluation of the situation by analyzing essential visual elements, navigation). Special focus was placed on the phenomenon of conspicuity, the probability of perceiving an object in the visual field and the factors that determine it. The article reports the methods of oculographic examination, with special emphasis on the non-invasive technique using corneal reflections, and the criteria for optimal selection of the test apparatus for drivers in experimental conditions (on a driving simulator) and in real conditions. Particular attention was also paid to the helmet-or glass-type devices provided with 1 or 2 high definition (HD) camcorders recording the field of vision and the direction of gaze, and the non-contact devices comprising 2 or 3 cameras and an infrared source to record eye and head movements, pupil diameter, eye convergence distance, duration and frequency of eyelid blinking. A review of the studies conducted using driver eye-tracking procedure was presented. The results, in addition to their cognitive value, can be used with success to optimize the strategy of drivers training.
Driver behavior in mixed and virtual reality – A comparative study
Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour
This paper presents a comparative study of driving behavior when using different virtual reality modes. Test subjects were exposed to mixed, virtual, and real reality using a head mounted display capable of video see-through, while performing a simple driving task. The driving behavior was quantified in steering and acceleration/deceleration activities, divided into local and global components. There was a distinct effect of wearing a head mounted display, which affected all measured variables. Results show that average speed was the most significant difference between mixed and virtual reality, while the steering behavior was consistent between modes. All subjects but one were able to successfully complete the driving task, suggesting that virtual driving could be a potential complement to driving simulators.
A Review Paper on Apprehension for the Poses of Eye State &Head State for Non-Alert Driver
A driving is the basic need and activity in any persons common life, because of a various types of lifestyle activity will be consider in human life, so as they concern in our day to day life, we have very fast life and our need too , so at any condition due to of some work we need to reach place that we want but due to of that our body is not handle a situation and body resist all that things and it only want rest so if we drive a car or any vehicle when body want rest so then some chances of accidental issue is come to see and this chances called as non-alertness about drive , according to the poll is conducted by various NSF I.e. National Sleep Foundation and then it is concluded that various accidental issue is cause due to of sleepiness problem of non-alert ness of driver IDAS (Intelligent Driver Assistance Systems) is made in application for analysis of the eye state & head pose for the driver alertness. Several of the patterns reply based on either related on eye closure as well as head nodding angles with the continuous variation to determine the parameter of non-alerting the driver who drive the car for drowsiness or distraction level. So then proposed technique uses visual analysis of various features such as eye index parameter, pupil activity parameter, and HP parameter for extract critical information related to non-alertness of a vehicle driver. EI is used to find out various positions of eye. An as soon as the HP finds the amount of the driver's head are toward the various movements for count out the number of segments in video that concern a large number of deviation of three basic Euler angles of HP i.e., nodding & shaking, and last is tilting, from its normal driving position. Head pose i.e. HP provides most useful data or signal related on the lack of attention of head particularly when the driver's eyes are not in visible condition due to cause by large head movements.