Effects of light on ¯avonoid and chlorogenic acid levels in the skin oJonagold' apples (original) (raw)
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Effects of light on ¯avonoid and chlorogenic acid levels in the skin of`Jonagold' apples
The objective of our work was to determine how fruit position on the tree affects ¯avonoid and chlorogenic acid contents. Light was measured at different positions within the canopy of 10-year-old`Jonagold' apple trees on M.9 rootstock raised as slender spindles. Fruit from the top of the canopy contained the highest percentage of blush and the highest levels of cyanidin 3-galactoside (anthocyanin) and quercetin 3-glycosides, followed by fruit from the outside of the canopy, and then those from the canopy interior. There were no signi®cant differences in the levels of catechins, phloridzin and chlorogenic acid among fruit from the different canopy positions. Light level was directly correlated with the levels of cyanidin 3-galactoside and quercetin 3-glycosides and with the percentage of blush in the fruit skin. Light in the interior of the canopy was poorer in UV-A, blue, green and red but richer in far-red light than at all other positions. Consequently, the FR/R ratio was much larger at the interior of the canopy than at all other positions. Both anthocyanin and quercetin 3-glycoside concentrations were clearly related to light level, and there was a critical FR/R ratio of about 1 below which no anthocyanin and only minimal quercetin 3-glycosides were formed.
The relationships between fruit N, P, K, Mg and Ca concentrations during the season and ¯avonoid and chlorogenic acid concentrations in skin of`Elstar' apples at maturity have been studied during three seasons in a nutrition experiment (with the mutant`Elshof'), and in a separate experiment with standard`Elstar' using within-tree variation in nutrient concentration due to fruit position in the tree. Negative correlations were frequently found between the concentration of N and Mg and the N/Ca ratio, and occasionally with that of K, in fruit during growth and at maturity, and anthocyanin and total ¯avonoids concentration at maturity. Calcium concentration showed occasionally positive correlations with anthocyanin and total ¯avonoids concentration. Chlorogenic acid concentration showed only in the second experiment a correlation with some of the studied nutrients (positive with P and Ca and negative with N, K, Mg and N/Ca). Regression models accounted for up to 40 and 30% of the variance in anthocyanin and total ¯avonoids concentration of`Elshof' mutant apples, and up to 70 and 65% of the variance in anthocyanin and total ¯avonoids concentration of standard`Elstar' apples, respectively. The most important variable in predictive models for the anthocyanin and total ¯avonoids concentration was N concentration in the fruit. The results suggest that the concentration of ¯avonoids in fruit skin could be increased by optimising fertilisation, especially that of N. #
The in¯uences of ethephon, (S)-trans-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-3-butenoic acid hydrochloride (ABG-3168), gibberellins (GA 47 and GA 3), alar, cycocel (CCC), prohexadione-Ca, seniphos, shikimic acid, plantacur-E and galactose on the accumulation of ¯avonoids and chlorogenic acid in`Jonagold' apple skin were investigated, with emphasis on anthocyanin, in order to separate maturity-related from other development-related in¯uences. Fruit maturation/ripening as determined by both Streif and Starch indices was not affected by these chemicals though applied according to standard procedures. Ethephon application greatly increased anthocyanin accumulation but not that of other ¯avonoid compounds and chlorogenic acid compared to the control. ABG and GA 3 applications signi®cantly retarded anthocyanin accumulation but not that of other ¯avonoid compounds and chlorogenic acid. ABG delayed the transition to fast anthocyanin accumulation by about 2 weeks compared to the control and other treatments. The application of alar, CCC, prohexadione-Ca, GA 47 , plantacur-E, shikimic acid, galactose and seniphos did not signi®cantly in¯uence the formation of anthocyanin, total ¯avonoids and chlorogenic acid in fruit skin. The percentage of blush increased during maturation and was higher in ethephon-treated fruit and lower in ABG and GA 3-treated fruit compared with the control. The ®nding that anthocyanin responds much quicker both to ethylene promoting and ethylene inhibiting treatments than other ripening related phenomena suggests that the dependence of anthocyanin synthesis on ethylene is at least complicated. #
Effect of Orchard Management Factors on Flesh Color of Two Red-Fleshed Apple Clones
Horticulturae
Little is known about factors affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-fleshed apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.). The objective was to establish the effects of orchard management factors on flesh anthocyanin content of dark-colored (DC) and light-colored (LC) apple clones. Flesh color was assessed by measuring color in the L, a, b mode using a spectrophotometer and predicting the anthocyanin content based on relationships between the absorption of a flesh extract at 530 nm and the L-value determined using a spectrophotometer (r2 = 0.99 ***). Fruit from the DC clone were red by 86 days after full bloom (DAFB), whereas the LC clone began to color at 136 DAFB. Color intensity in both clones decreased from the top of the tree to the base. Further, the intensity of the flesh color of the DC clone decreased with shading (94% absorption of incident photosynthetic active radiation). Covering a fruit with a UV absorbing film (100% UV absorption) had no effect on flesh color in the DC clone ...