Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity and biological contaminants in medicinal herbs (original) (raw)
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Evaluation of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity in Medicinal Herbs
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022
As the presence of excess free radicals in body can cause damage to the system and may lead to several diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Cancer, Atherosclerosis and many more. Free radicals should be neutralized or eliminated out of the body. Apart from the antioxidants present in biological system natural antioxidants available from the diet help in the removal of free radicals from the body. Therefore, the antioxidants present in fruits, vegetables and medicinal herbs can be used to scavenge free radicals and treat the disorders due to oxidative stress. Five different medicinal herbs were collected locally to quantitate phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid, protein and sugar oxidation. Among the different samples, highest Phenolics, flavonoid and antioxidant activity was seen in aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum. This study demonstrates that it can be used in nutraceuticals and can be a potential source of natural antioxidants to combat the free radical mediated diseases.
Screening of antioxidant activity and phenolic content of 24 medicinal plant extracts
DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical …, 2008
Background: Antioxidants are vital substances which possess the ability to protect the body from damages caused by free radical-induced oxidative stress. A variety of free radical scavenging antioxidants are found in dietary sources like fruits, vegetables and tea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of 24 selected plant materials (seeds or fruits), which are used by Iranian people as folk remedies and/or food supplements. Methods: The antioxidant activity was evaluated against linoleic acid peroxidation using 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid as reagent. At the same time the phenolic content of the extracts was determined using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent to evaluate their contribution to total antioxidant activity. Results: The antioxidant activity expressed as IC 50 ranged from 1.25 µg/ml in cucumber to 167.29 µg/ml in cardamom. Phenolic contents, expressed as gallic acid equivalents, varied from 21.76 mg/100g of the dried weight in linseed to 919.12 mg/100 g of the dried weight in Bishop's weed. No significant correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and phenolic content in the studied plant materials. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that there is no significant correlation between antioxidant activity and phenolic content of the studied plant materials and phenolic content could not be a good indicator of antioxidant capacity.
Plant Science today, 2020
Natural antioxidant capacity of five important folk medicinal plants measured in vitro. Total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC) and free radical scavenging capacity of ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Lippia alba (LA), Annona squamosa (AS), Hyptis suaveolens (HS), Commiphora wightii (CW) and Milletia pinnata (MP) was assessed using spectrophotometric method. Folin ciocalteu and aluminium chloride method employed to optimise TPC and FC. Free radical scavenging potentiality of leaf extracts was assessed using Ferrous ion chelation (FIC), 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) scavenging, Hydroxyl (OH•) radical scavenging (HRS) and Superoxide (O- 2) radical scavenging (SRS) methods. Results revealed that the TPC (96.22±5.85 to 519.23±34.90 ?g GAE/gm dry weight) were found significant in aqueous extracts from all the plants except AS (p<0.05). For FC (?g QCE/gm dry weight), ethanol was found optimum for LA (463.94±6.49), CW (289.99±2.70) and MP (34...
The anti-oxidant activity and total phenolic content of alcoholic extracts from seven medicinal plants (Asparagus racemosus, Ocimum sanctum, Cassia fistula, Piper betel, Citrus aurantifolia, Catharanthus roseus, and Polyalthia longifolia) were evaluated by using a model system consisting of β-carotene, DPPH free radical and Folin-Ciocalteu method. The total Phenolic content of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and ranged from 366mg/100g to 212 mg/100g on fresh weight basis. The total flavanoid content of extracts determined by Aluminium chloride colorimetric assay and ranged from 39.84mg/100g to 15.94mg/100g of fresh weight. The highest antioxidant activity was demonstrated by Citrus auantifolia (87.05%) followed by Ocimum sanctum (81.80%) and Catharanthus roseus (71.4%). The highest tannin content was found to be in Catharanthus roseus (7.14%) while in case of anthocyanin content the highest value was found to be in Polyalthia longifolia (0.65mg/l). As far as antimicrobial activity is concerned, Ocimum sanctum and Citrus aurantifolia were found to be most potent against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus whereas Piper betel showed no effect. Except Piper betel all the extracts were able to inhibit the two bacterial strains and the zone of inhibitions ranged from 19.6 mm to 13.5 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration against E. coli in case of Ocimum sanctum is 10% and against S. aureus it is 20% while in case of Citrus aurantifolia extracts were active even at 10% concentration for E. coli and 15% for S. aureus.
Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs
Total equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC) and phenolic contents of 32 spices extracts from 21 botanical families grown in Poland were investigated. The total antioxidant capacity was estimated by the following methods: ABTS Å+ (2,2 0 azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), DPPH Å (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) expressed as TEAC. The total phenolics were measured using a Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of major phenolics by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) were also used. Major phenolic acids identified in analyzed species were caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and neochlorogenic, while predominant flavonoids were quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin. Myricetin was detected only in Epilobium hirsutum. Many investigated spices had high levels of phenolics and exhibited high antioxidant capacity. The TEAC values of the spices ranged from 1.76 to 346 lM trolox/100 g dw, from 7.34 to 2021 lM trolox/100 g dw, and 13.8 to 2133 lM trolox/100 g dw for ABTS Å+ , DPPH Å and FRAP, respectively. The total phenolic content, measured using a Folin-Ciocalteu assay, ranged from 0.07 to 15.2 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g dw. The herbs with the highest TEAC values were Syzygium aromaticum, E. hirsutum and the species belonging to the Labiatae and Compositae family. A positive relationship between TEAC (ABTS Å+ and FRAP) values and total phenolic content, measured by HPLC, was found only in family groups with many representative herbs within Labiatae and Compositae.
Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Common Herbs
International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2017
The study was designed to evaluate the phenolic, flavonoid contents and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), mint (Mentha spicata), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), oak (Quercus), aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller), and ginger (Zingiber officinale). All extracts showed a wide range of total phenolic contents, that is, 4.96 to 98.37 mg/100 g gallic acid equivalents, and total flavonoid contents, that is, 0.41 to 17.64 mg/100 g catechin equivalents. Antioxidant activity (AA) was determined by measuring reducing power, inhibition of peroxidation using linoleic acid system, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity. Different extracts inhibited oxidation of linoleic acid by 16.6-84.2% while DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC 50 values) ranged from 17.8% to 79.1 g/mL. Reducing power at 10 mg/mL extract concentration ranged from 0.11 to 0.84 nm. Furthermore the extracts of these medicinal herbs in 80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 80% acetone, and 100% water were screened for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method against selected bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pasteurella multocida, and fungal strains, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus solani, and Alternaria alternata. The extracts show better antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains as compared to fungal strains. Results of various assays were analyzed statistically by applying appropriate statistical methods.
2019
Aromatic plants used as culinary herbs contain phytochemicals with distinct properties affecting the population that utilizes them, yet there is still insufficient data on their bioactive profile. The present study investigated the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of five aromatic herbs: Allium schoenoprasum L. (ASPR), Allium ursinum L. (AUR), Anthriscus cerefolium L. Hoffm. (ACH), Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum (CAF) and Foeniculum vulgare Mill (FVH). Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined by Folin- Ciocalteu method and AlCl 3 method. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was examined by 2,2’-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Non- site-specific-degradation (NSSOH) and Site-specific-deoxyribose-degradation (SSOH) assays. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated by Brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). Considerable variations were observed for TPC values from 65.03 to 253.74 mg GAE/g crude extra...
Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants: a review
2013
ABSTRACT Plants have been used for medicinal purposes since the origin of human civilization and their uses were described by the great civilizations of the ancient Chinese, Indian and Mediterranean. Nowadays, they continue to be the source of new medicines either by providing lead molecules or as natural herbal products (teas, tinctures, powders, poultices, infusions as well as other formulations). Herbal medicinal products are defined as any medicinal product, exclusively containing as active ingredients one or more herbal substances or one or more herbal preparations, or one or more such herbal substances in combination with one or more such herbal preparations. Compounds produced by plants are divided in two groups: primary and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are compounds that possess fundamental roles in plant development steps such as phytosterols, acyl lipids, nucleotides, amino acids and organic acids. Secondary plant metabolites are structurally diverse and many are distributed among a limited number of plant species. Some of these compounds were found to have a key role in the protection of plants in several ways. Moreover, there are increasing evidences that modest long-term intakes of some specific classes of these compounds can favorable reduce and/or prevent the incidence of cancers and many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, type II diabetes and hypertension, as well as the ageing process. Plant secondary metabolites can be grouped, based on their biosynthetic formation, into four groups: phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids and sulphur-containing compounds. Phenolic compounds are of great interest mainly due to their bioactive functions involved in human health-related issues. Oxidative stress and human health, namely in the pathogenesis of various diseases and disorders are related in different ways. Under stress, the human body will produce more harmful species, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) than enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants, inducing cell damage. This effect is increased when there are not enough antioxidants to quench these harmful radicals. During a large period, artificial antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate (Pg) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) were used as additives in foods and beverages. However, their use is now restricted since they are associated with high levels of cytotoxicity and carcinogenic effects. Therefore, there is a major need to find natural compounds with antioxidant properties and low toxicity associated. An antioxidant can be defined as a compound that inhibits or significantly delays the oxidation of substrates even if the compound is present in lower concentration than the oxidized substrate. Phenolic compounds and aromatic amines are free-radical scavengers and also present reducing properties. In this paper, we present an overview on phenolic compounds and their relation with antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants. Methods for extraction, detection and quantification of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity assays are revised and examples of important medicinal plants are presented.
PLANT SCIENCE TODAY, 2020
Natural antioxidant capacity of five important folk medicinal plants measured in vitro. Total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC) and free radical scavenging capacity of ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Lippia alba (LA), Annona squamosa (AS), Hyptis suaveolens (HS), Commiphora wightii (CW) and Milletia pinnata (MP) was assessed using spectrophotometric method. Folin ciocalteu and aluminium chloride method employed to optimise TPC and FC. Free radical scavenging potentiality of leaf extracts was assessed using Ferrous ion chelation (FIC), 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH •) scavenging, Hydroxyl (OH •) radical scavenging (HRS) and Superoxide (O-2) radical scavenging (SRS) methods. Results revealed that the TPC (96.22±5.85 to 519.23±34.90 μg GAE/gm dry weight) were found significant in aqueous extracts from all the plants except AS (p<0.05). For FC (μg QCE/gm dry weight), ethanol was found optimum for LA (463.94±6.49), CW (289.99±2.70) and MP (347.47±4.50) whereas, aqueous was found more appropriate for rest two plants were found significant instead of ethanol and methanol (all p<0.05). The lowest IC50 (μg/ml) were recorded from A. squamosa (27.72±8.95), H. suaveolens (27.78±0.88), C. wightii (27.18±0.16) and M. pinnata (27.30±0.03). All plants have reflected a high antioxidant capacity; however, the highest antioxidant activity was reported from ethanolic extract of H. suaveolens followed by L. alba, A. squamosa, C. wightii and M. pinnata. Hence, these studies show that all folk medicinal plants contain potential antioxidant bioactive compounds.