Effects of Highly Diluted Sucussed Thyroxine on Metamorphosis of Highland Frogs (original) (raw)
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Effects of Highly Diluted Succussed Thyroxine on Metamorphosis of Highland Frogs
2003
These experiments, performed in Graz and in Utrecht, investigate the influence of extremely dilute thyroxine in a special "homeopathic" preparation on two transitions in the metamorphosis of highland amphibia: a) from the 2-legged to the 4-legged stage; b) from the tailed 4-legged stage to the untailed stage, the juvenile frog (performed in the two laboratories in Graz) or to the stage with reduced tail, respectively (performed in Utrecht).
TheScientificWorldJournal, 2008
The influence of moderately diluted, agitated, i.e., homeopathically prepared, thyroxin solutions (10 -11 -10 -21 , final concentration in the basin water 0.6 × 10 -15 -0.6 × 10 -25 parts by weight after the first application) on metamorphosis in highland Rana temporaria from the two-legged stage was studied. In accordance with the homeopathic idea of effects of specially prepared dilutions being inverse to those of their mother substances, animals were treated either with thyroxin 10 -11 -10 -21 or analogously prepared blank solution (water). Development was monitored by documenting the number of animals that had entered the four-legged stage. It has been found that animals treated with the thyroxin solutions metamorphosed more slowly than the control animals, i.e., the effect of the homeopathically prepared thyroxin was opposed to the usual effect of molecular thyroxin. The number of test animals that reached the four-legged stage at defined points in time was smaller (2-13.5%) in the group treated with homeopathically prepared thyroxin at the points in time, compared to control. The results in this study sustain the previous multiresearcher findings that show that diluted homeopathically prepared thyroxin is able to slow down metamorphosis of R. temporaria.
Treatment of lowland frogs from the spawn stage with homeopathically prepared thyroxin (10-30)
TheScientificWorldJournal, 2007
The influence of a highly diluted agitated, i.e. homeopathically prepared thyroxin solution (10 -30 , final concentration in the basin water 10 -35 parts by weight after the first application) on metamorphosis in lowland Rana temporaria from the spawn stage on was studied. The treatment with homeopathically prepared thyroxin solution (10 -30 ) starts at the frogspawn stage. It represents a tool to learn more about the previously standardized amphibian model, where the thyroxin solution was applied from the two-legged stage on only. Lowland frogs were pretreated by immersing spawn in an aqueous molecular thyroxin dilution (10 -8 parts by weight). In later stages of development (2 to 4 legged), this has been found to speed up metamorphosis by around 15%. In accordance with the homeopathic idea of detoxication or cure, hyperstimulated animals (spawn or, in subsequence, larvae) were treated either with thyroxin that had been highly diluted and agitated in successive steps, i.e. homeopathically prepared (10 -30 ), or analogously prepared blank solution (water). Development was monitored by documenting the number of animals that had entered the four-legged stage. It has been found that animals treated with the test solution metamorphosed more slowly than the control animals, i.e. the effect of the homeopathically prepared thyroxin was opposed to the usual effect of molecular thyroxin. The number of test animals that reached the 4-legged stage at defined points in time was slightly smaller in the group treated with homeopathically prepared thyroxin at some, but not at all points in time, compared to control. The results in this study sustain the previous multi researcher findings that highly diluted homeopathically prepared thyroxin is able to slow down metamorphosis of Rana temporaria KEY WORDS: amphibian, hormone, thyroxin, homeopathic dilution, curative effect Graunke et al: Treatment of Lowland Frogs TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2007) 7, xxx-xxx
EFFECT OF THYROXINE ON THE MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES OF TOAD, BUFO STOMATICUS
The present study deals with the effect of thyroxine on the young toads of Bufo stomaticus. The Toads were exposed to two different doses of thyroxine i.e. 10-2 thyroxine and 10-4 thyroxine. Experiment was conducted for 15 days. The young toads were examine for various morphometric parameters viz:-Snout to Vent Length (SVL), Head Length (HL), Head Width (HW), Diameter of Eye (DOE), Inter Orbital Space (IOS), Hand Length (HAL), Foot Length (FL), Tibea Length (TL), Leg length (LL), Arm Length (AL), First Finger Length (FFL) and Second Finger length (SFL).The results were statistically analyzed and significant changes were observed on the selected parameters.
Climbing activity in frogs and the effect of highly diluted succussed thyroxine
British Homoeopathic journal, 1991
SummaryThe experiments investigate the influence of extremely dilute thyroxine (T4) in special ‘homœopathic’ preparation (dilution T4.30x) on the spontaneous tendency of juvenile frogs to leave the water and climb on land. Climbing activity was suppressed by dilution T4.30x, with statistical significance both in comparison to the effect of the ‘potentized’ preparation of the solvent (dilution H2O.30x) as well as in comparison to the control observations before the start of the treatment. Finally, in the search for optimal treatment duration, it was shown that exposure to the dilutions for even a few minutes sufficed to cause significant effects.
The Effect of Ultra-high Dilutions of Thyroxine on the Morphogenesis of Xenopus laevis Tadpoles
Alternative & Integrative Medicine, 2018
Background: The morphogenesis of Xenopus laevis is dependent on the thyroid system and the production of thyroxine. Numerous studies using the amphibian model have shown tadpoles to be responsive to ultra-high dilutions of Thyoxine. Ultra-high dilutions used in Homeopathy are not suitable to pharmacokinetic investigation due to their lack of detectable active ingredient and the lack of analytical methods with sufficient sensitivity; however, laboratory and clinical studies are providing experimental evidence contributing to the pharmacodynamics of high dilution remedies. Method: The experiment consisted of four groups, labelled according to the dilution each group was administered, Control (no treatment), Thyroxine 6C, Thyroxine 30C and Thyroxine 200C. Each group consisted of 90 tadpoles divided into three tanks of 30 tadpoles each. The respective dilutions were administered to the water the tadpoles were housed in every eight hours from Day 32 until Day 58 of the experiment. Tail length was measured every three days from Day 32 to Day 48 and every day from Day 48 to Day 58. Results: Thyroxine 6C was shown to have had a stimulatory effect while Thyroxine 30C had an inhibitory effect on the growth phase of the Xenopus laevis tadpole tail. Thyroxine 6C, 30C and 200C were shown to have had an inhibitory effect on the reduction phase of the Xenopus laevis tadpole tail. Conclusion: Where the results were shown to have had a stimulatory effect on the growth phase of the Xenopus laevis tadpole tail, it was likely due to a physiological effect, mimicking the action of the naturally circulating thyroxine. The results that were shown to have had an inhibitory effect are in line with the "Law of Similars" and the fact that a homeopathic preparation of Thyroxine would have an opposing effect to that of naturally circulating thyroxine.
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015
Objective: Aim of the study was to investigate the effects of thyroxine on the pre metamorphic tadpoles of the common Asian toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Anura: Bufonidae), an ideal model for understanding the role of thyroxine during vertebrate development. Methods: Tadpoles of two developmental stages, i.e., Gosner stege 30 and 34 was exposed to 50, 100 and 200 ng/ml of thyroxine by adding the hormone to the tadpole rearing water. Toxic and teratogenic effects of thyroxine on the tadpoles were recorded. Besides, effects of thyroxine on specific activity of acid phosphatase, a lysosomal marker enzyme in the tails of the tadpoles were investigated. Results: A Dose and stage specific toxic effect of the hormone was observed in the treated tadpoles. There was precocious metamorphosis with incomplete differentiation of limbs, deformities of body and tail in the treated tadpoles. Biochemical investigation of tails showed a dose specific elevation in the specific activity of acid phosphatase up to 2.5 fold in 50 ng/ml and 3.15 fold in 100 ng/ml treated tadpoles as compared to corresponding control tadpoles. Conclusion: Thus, the hormone thyroxine exhibited toxic as well as teratogenic effects on the developing tadpoles and also led to dose dependent elevation in specific activity of acid phosphatase in vivo in their tails.
Lingg et al. Int J High Dilution Research, 2011, Raw Data Highland Amphibians 1990-2010
2011
Experiments on amphibian metamorphosis can vary considerably in duration. The authors had set themselves the task of defining a generally applicable pooling method for metamorphosis experiments. The problem of artificial differences in variability when comparing and pooling data from several experiments was approached by normalization with respect to time based on the development of both test and the control animals. The range from 0% to 100% over which the fraction of four-legged animals progresses in the course of an experiment is divided into 10%intervals and the 10% reference points are mapped on a corresponding scale. Each measurement is then assigned to the point on the time scale to which it is closest. In this way each reference point is assigned a value giving the number or percentage of four-legged animals at that point on the scale. Subsequent analysis was then based on the individual values for the test and control groups that corresponded to the joint 10% reference point. Normalization respect to time was done on the assumption that differences in metamorphosis speed attributable to treatment would override differences in duration between experiments. The results of experiments performed over the course of two decades (1990 -2010) on highland Rana temporaria treated with a homeopathically prepared high dilution of thyroxine ("30x") are presented in full detail based on this normalization method. Differences found between treatment groups thus calculated were in line with those obtained with other pooling methods. Thyroxine 30x does slow down metamorphosis in inert highland amphibians. This was observed by five researchers in 20 subexperiments, and it seems to be the most reliable bio-assay found in amphibian research on homeopathy so far. When experiments were performed with highland animals pretreated by hyperstimulation with molecular thyroxine, slowing down of metamorphosis was again observed (by three out of four researchers) in most of 10 sub-experiments.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2010
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has included an amphibian metamorphosis assay (AMA) to detect thyroid active chemicals in Tier 1 testing of their endocrine screening program. To understand the variability, specificity, and reliability of the key endpoints of this assay, two exposure studies with Xenopus laevis tadpoles were conducted with two known thyroid-active compounds, namely, methimazole or L-thyroxine, for a total of 21 d. In addition, various increased-flow-rate treatments were included in the exposures to evaluate the effects of physical stress on metamorphic development. The endpoints examined in the exposures were wet weight, snout-vent length, hind-limb length, developmental stage, and thyroid and gonadal histopathology. As expected, the results indicated that both methimazole and L-thyroxine were thyroid active in the AMA, hind-limb length and thyroid histopathology being the most sensitive endpoints of thyroid activity. Tadpoles that were exposed to the various physical stressors in these experiments showed no signs of altered metamorphic development, and exposure to the thyroid-active compounds had no effect on the developing gonad of X. laevis. Taken together, these results support the use of the AMA as a Tier 1 endocrine screen for detection of potential thyroid pathway activity; however, the lack of a true negative response (no-effect) during the validation process prevents a full evaluation of this assay's specificity at this time.