Comparison of sample source (excreta or ileal digesta) and age of broiler chick on measurement of apparent digestible energy of wheat and barley (original) (raw)
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A broiler chick bioassay for measuring the feeding value of wheat and barley in complete diets
Poultry Science, 1998
Energy is an important component of poultry feed and is derived principally from cereal grains. Unfortunately, all of the chemical energy is not available to the bird, and biological assays must be used to determine the digestible energy value of a cereal grain. The bioassay described uses four pens of six male broiler chicks, complete diets containing 80% of a test cereal grain (with or without an appropriate commercial enzyme), and ad libitum feed intake. Apparent metabolizable energy values (kilocalories per kilogram of cereal grain, DM basis) values are calculated from gross energy and acid insoluble ash measurements of diet and excreta collected for 24 h at 16 d of age. To monitor variation between broiler chick assays, due to bird, environment, etc., common control samples of Hard Red Spring (HRS) and Canadian Prairie Spring (CPS) wheat were tested in each of 15 separate assays over 2 yr. Similarly, for barley, control samples of hulled and hulless barley were repeatedly tested in five assays.
Correlation between physical measurements and dietary energy values of wheat for poultry and pigs
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2000
A number of wheat samples were obtained for evaluation: for young poultry, 50 wheats (10 varieties each grown at ®ve sites) with bushel weights/thousand grain weights ranging from 69.5 to 80.0 kg/hl and 34.6 to 59.3 g, respectively; for pigs (8 different varieties each grown at 2 sites) with bushel weights/thousand grain weights ranging from 71.0 to 81.5 kg/hl and 40.9 to 56.7 g, respectively. Apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and coef®cient of metabolisability of gross energy (CAME) were determined with young broilers; Digestible energy (DE) and coef®cient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of gross energy were determined with growing ®nishing pigs. Wheat was added at a rate of 750 and 900 g/kg diet for poultry and pigs, respectively, in a series of metabolism trials. AME values ranged from 8.49 to 12.45 MJ/kg DM and CAME from 0.491 to 0.702. DE values ranged from 14.55 to 16.07 MJ/kg DM and CTTAD from 0.848 to 0.890. There were signi®cant differences between variety and site (together with interaction terms) in both, the physical and biological measurements, but not in a structured fashion. There were no signi®cant relationships between the two physical measurements and any dietary energy value (either in terms of concentration or coef®cient), con®rming previous work. The two lowest bushel weight wheats had among the highest AME values for poultry, con®rming that evaluation of the variability in nutritional value of wheat for poultry should only proceed against a background of detailed knowledge of genotype. Comparisons on the basis of variety name alone appear inappropriate as individual varieties do not seem to respond in a uniform fashion.
Rapid Tests of Wheat Nutritive Value for Growing Chickens
Journal of Cereal Science, 2001
Two series of broiler chicken feeding experiments quantified the differences in growth performance of broiler chickens fed either six different U.K. wheat cultivars from one harvest year or six wheat samples that comprised two cultivars (Dean and Beaver) each grown in three harvest years. Differences in broiler growth performance were compared to four rapid tests of wheat quality (specific weight, Hagberg falling number, water-extract viscosity and endosperm hardness) and the determined true metabolisable energy. Broilers fed the cultivar Dean had higher (P<0·001) weight gains and lower (P<0·05) feed conversion ratios compared to those fed Beaver. Samples from a harvest year (1992) in which there was high rainfall in the month during which harvest occurred resulted in lower (P<0·05) broiler feed conversion ratios. Endosperm hardness and water-extract viscosity were both linearly related (P<0·05) to differences in broiler feed conversion ratios but there was no (P>0·05) reduction in unaccountable variation from including both variables in a multiple regression analysis. The measurement of endosperm hardness by near infra-red spectroscopy is rapid and has the potential to be used to discriminate nutritive value between wheat samples on their arrival at poultry feed mills.
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2011
Three trials were conducted to determine the available energy of different wheat screening varieties collected from different locations of Khorasan in Iran. In experiment 1, chemical composition and the nitrogen corrected true metabolisable energy (TMEn) were evaluated. A precision-fed rooster assay was used, in which, each wheat screening sample was tube fed to adult roosters, and the excreta were collected for 48-h. In Exp. 2 and 3, five and two wheat screening verities-based diets with or without xylanase and phytase were fed to 16-day old battery reared chicks respectively, and total feed consumption and excreta were measured during next three days. The variable nature of wheat screening varieties led to significant differences in mean TMEn values (p<0.01). The TMEn values of samples determined with adult roosters varied by ±5.03% of the mean value (3,097.65±49.32 kcal/kg) and ranged from 2,734.90 to 3,245.12 kcal/kg. There was a significant correlation (p<0.05) between crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) with TMEn, and the greatest correlation coefficient was observed between NDF and TMEn (r =-0.947; p<0.001). The optimal equation in terms of R 2 from using a single chemical analysis was obtained with NDF: TMEn = 4,152.09-27.80 NDF (R 2 = 0.90, p<0.0001), and the TME prediction equation was improved by the addition of the crude protein (CP) and ASH content to sequential analysis: TMEn = 3,656.97-28.65 NDF+32.54 CP+38.70 ASH (R 2 = 0.98, p<0.0001). The average AMEn values of 5 and 2 wheat screening varieties determined with young broiler chickens were 2,968.41±25.70 kcal/kg and 2,976.38±8.34 kcal/kg in Exp. 2 and Exp. 3, respectively. Addition of xylanase and phytase to wheat screenings resulted in significant (p<0.01) improvement in AMEn by 4.21 and 2.92%, respectively.
Czech Journal of Animal Science
This study was performed with growing chickens (14 to 56 days of age) to evaluate the effects of feeding a barley-based diet. The treatments were maize diet (1) as a control, barley diet with (4) or without (2) the commercial enzyme β-glucanase, barley treated with rumen fluid without protozoa (3) and hulless barley (5). The effects of treatments were investigated in a 42-day trial using 360 sexed broiler chickens. In a digestibility trial, 15 male broiler chicks were used at 45 days of age. In this regard, five treatments were offered to chickens in three replications individually. The experimental design for performance investigation was a completely randomised one with a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each of the five treatments was replicated three times per sex (n = 3). The levels of barley in treatments (2) to (5) were 35% during the growing (14 to 42 days) and finishing (42 to 52 days) period. At the end of trial, two birds from each pen were ...
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1995
The experiment was conducted to study the effect of extruded vs. unprocessed barley in the diet (400 g kg-') on the response of broiler chickens to Trichudermu uiride enzyme supplement (cellulase,10500Ug~';endo-~(1:3)(1:4)-glucanase;24000Ug~'andxylanase,32000Ug~').The four experimental diets were as follows: B, unprocessed barley; BE, unprocessed barley + enzyme (200 mg kg-'); ExB, extruded barley; ExBE, extruded barley + enzyme (200 mg kg-'). The diets were fed as pellets. Extruded compared with unextruded barley gave higher soluble fibre (28 vs. 36 g kg-') and lower insoluble (190 vs. 163 g kg-') and total (219 vs. 200 g kg-') dietary fibre values. Extrusion increased extract viscosity ( 1.3 vs. 3.7 cP) and water binding capacity ( 1.6 vs. 2.2 ml g-' dry matter) of the barley. During the first week, birds fed extruded barley in the diet increased water consumption (P 2 0.05). A significant depression in feed efficiency (days 7-2 1), feed AME, and in fat and protein utilisation was observed when extruded barley was included in the diet. Extrusion reduced the AME content of barley by 0.82 MJ kg-' DM. Inclusion of extruded barley in the diet potentiated the weight gain (2.8 vs. 7.6%; P = 0.3 1) and feed efficiency ( + 0.8 vs. -6%; P = 0.07) response to dietary enzyme. Greater enzyme effects with the diet containing extruded barley were also found for feed AME (1.6 vs. 2.9%; P=O.39), fat utilisation (0.4 vs. 5.4%; P~0.05), nitrogen utilisation ( -0.5 vs. 5.6%; P=O.12), as well as Pglucan degradability (10.4 vs. 15.6%; P=O.41). In general, the enzyme had more impact on chick performance than barley form. * Corresponding author. Tel. 01-632 32 55 (32 70); fax 01-632 1128. 0377.8401/95/$09.50 0 1995 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved SSDIO377-8401(95)00779-2